Roxadustat for treatment of anemia in a cancer patient with end-stage renal disease: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Most cancer patients are accompanied by anemia, which will be more serious when combined with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). At present, cancer-related anemia and renal anemia treatments mainly include erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron supplementation, and blood transfusion, but their effects are often poor with several safety concerns. We have used roxadustat to treat anemia in a cancer patient with ESRD and achieved a successful outcome for the first time. CASE
SUMMARY: A 64-year-old man was diagnosed with right renal cancer (clear cell renal cell carcinoma). He did not receive surgery or radiotherapy before admission. He was treated with oral soltan (sunitinib malate) on April 18, 2017. During oral chemotherapy, he had numerous complications, including anemia, hypertension, thyroid hypofunction, skin pigment loss, and renal function deterioration. At last, he progressed to ESRD and began hemodialysis treatment. We initially treated the patient with high-dose ESAs, iron supplementation, adequate dialysis, and even blood transfusion, but his anemia did not improve. Roxadustat is a newly developed drug for renal anemia treatment, but not for cancer-related anemia, let alone to treat anemia in cancer patients with ESRD. We prescribed oral roxadustat to the patient. After a period, his hemoglobin gradually increased. He did not have obvious discomfort symptoms, and his tumor did not progress significantly.
CONCLUSION: Oral roxadustat could achieve good results in treating anemia in cancer patients with ESRD. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: Currently, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are the cornerstones for the treatment of renal anemia or cancer-related anemia. Roxadustat is a newly developed drug for renal anemia treatment, but not for cancer-related anemia, let alone to treat anemia in cancer patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). At the beginning, the patient was treated with high-dose ESAs, iron supplementation, and even blood transfusion, but his anemia did not improve. However, after orally taking roxadustat, his hemoglobin gradually increased without significant tumor progression. This is the first case using roxadustat to successfully improve anemia in a cancer patient with ESRD.

INTRODUCTION

Most cancer patients have anemia symptoms. If they progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and need maintenance hemodialysis treatment, anemia will be more difficult to correct. At present, cancer-related anemia and renal anemia treatments mainly include erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron supplementation, and blood transfusion. However, ESAs are often used at high dosage and accompanied by thrombosis, hypertension, and other adverse events. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI) are newly developed, oral-based small molecule drugs for the treatment of renal anemia, of which roxadustat (FG-4592, FibroGen, Astellas, AstraZeneca) has been listed in China and Japan[1]. To our best knowledge, it has not been used to treat cancer-related anemia. In this case report, we, for the first time, used roxadustat to treat anemia in a cancer patient with ESRD and achieved a successful outcome.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of general fatigue and tight breath. He had been on maintenance hemodialysis for 1 year.

History of present illness

The patient developed ESRD 2 years ago due to oral chemotherapy for right renal cancer and began hemodialysis on May 23, 2019. At that time, his hemoglobin (Hb) level was 79 g/L. He was given 10000 U of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) (weight 50 kg) twice a week via intravenous injection. However, after 2 mo of treatment, his Hb level was still 77 g/L. He was then intravenously injected with 100 mg iron sucrose once a week for 10 wk. His Hb gradually rose to about 100 g/L for a short period and began to decline. During that time, we actively looked for the causes of anemia. The patient had no gastrointestinal bleeding, evident inflammation, hemolytic anemia, erythropoietin (EPO) resistance, and other factors. Therefore, he was given 10000 U rHuEPO three times a week and subjected to adequate hemodialysis three times per week and hemodiafiltration once every 2 wk. In addition, he was prescribed oral ketoacids, intravenous infusion of human albumin, and other nutritional support treatments. However, these measures did not work, and his Hb dropped from 100 g/L to 65 g/L within 5 mo. Meanwhile, he developed discomfort symptoms such as increased heart rate, tight breath, and general fatigue.

History of past illness

The patient had been diagnosed with right renal cancer (clear cell renal carcinoma) in 2017. He did not receive surgery or radiotherapy. He was orally given 50 mg of soltan (sunitinib malate) daily for 14 d since April 18, 2017. He stopped taking it for 7 d and began to retake it. During oral chemotherapy, he had numerous complications, including anemia, hypertension, positive urine protein, thyroid hypofunction, skin pigment loss, and renal function deterioration. At last, he progressed to ESRD.

He took amlodipine besylate tablets 5 mg daily to control blood pressure and levothyroxine sodium tablets 150 mg to treat hypothyroidism.

Personal and family history

The patient had no history of smoking or drinking and no family history of similar diseases.

Physical examination

The vital signs of the patient were as follows: Body temperature, 36.5 ℃; blood pressure, 168/82 mmHg; pulse rate, 98 beats/min; and respiratory rate, 26 breaths/min. He was in a semi-recumbent position, and his eyelid conjunctiva was pale. His bilateral thoracic movement weakened, palpation speech fibrillation weakened, percussion sounded dull, and auscultation respiratory sound disappeared. His heart rate was 98 beats/min, his rhythm was neat, and there was no obvious murmur. His abdominal examination showed no obvious abnormalities, and his lower limbs had slight edema.

Laboratory examinations

The blood examination of the patient after admission showed an Hb level of 65 g/L, erythrocyte count of 2.29 × 1012/L, reticulocyte count of 0.079 × 1012/L, serum ferritin level of 345 mg/L, transferrin saturation of 19.9%, EPO level of 28.6 mIU/mL, C-reactive protein level of 15.41 mg/L, albumin level of 24.4 g/L, and intact parathyroid hormone level of 27.3 pg/mL. The direct Coombs test was negative, and anti-EPO antibodies were negative (Table 1).

Table 1

Laboratory data before blood transfusion

Parameter	Recorded value	Reference range
White blood cell count (× 109/L)	5.22	4.0-10.0
Red blood cell count (× 1012/L)	2.29	4.0-5.5
Hemoglobin (g/L)	65	120-160
Platelet count (× 109/L)	146	100-300
Hematocrit (%)	22	38.0-50.8
Mean corpuscular volume (fl)	95.9	80-100
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (pg)	29.1	27-31
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/L)	304	320-360
Reticulocyte count (× 1012/L)	0.079	0.024-0.084
Reticulocyte percentage (%)	3.45	0.5-1.5
Iron (μmol/L)	7.68	10.6-36.7
Serum ferritin (μg/L)	345	30-300
Total iron binding capacity (μmol/L)	26.51	45-75
Transferrin saturation (%)	19.9	20-50
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	15.41	< 10
Albumin (g/L)	24.4	40.0-55.0
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.01	2.11-2.52
Phosphonium (mmol/L)	1.58	0.85-1.51
Intact parathyroid hormone (pg/ml)	27.3	150-300
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L)	21.66	3.6-9.5
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	556	57.0-111.0
EPO concentration (mIU/ml)	28.6	4.3-29
Direct Coombs (IgG, C3) tests	Negative	Negative
Anti-EPO antibodies	Negative	Negative
Fecal occult blood test	Negative	Negative

EPO: Erythropoietin.

Imaging examinations

The plain chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed a large amount of effusion in the bilateral thorax, marks on the right, and partial compression atelectasis of both lungs. The plain abdominal CT scan (Figure 1A) showed an enlarged right kidney, irregular soft tissue occupying, unclear boundary, an about 59.4 mm × 49.7 mm larger layer, and thickened perirenal fascia. In addition, nodules with soft tissue density were seen at the lower pole of the left kidney, with a larger layer of about 26.0 mm × 22.1 mm.

Figure 1

Plain abdomen computed tomography scan. A: Plain abdomen computed tomography scan at admission showed an enlarged right kidney, irregular soft tissue occupying, unclear boundary, and an about 59.4 mm× 49.7 mm larger layer. Compared with previous computed tomography, there was no significant change in tumor size; B: Plain abdomen computed tomography scan on February 2, 2021 showed an enlarged right kidney, irregular soft tissue occupying, unclear boundary, and an about 59.2 mm × 50.6 mm larger layer.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5, renal anemia, maintenance hemodialysis, right renal cancer, cancer-related anemia, bilateral pleural effusion, very high-risk grade 3 hypertension, and hypoproteinemia.

TREATMENT

During outpatient dialysis, to correct anemia, we increased the patient's rHuEPO dosage from 20000 U per week to 30000 U per week and gave him a total of 1 g of iron sucrose intravenously. Therefore, he was treated with 1.5 units of red blood cell transfusion after hospitalization. To alleviate the tight breath symptoms, he was subjected to pleural puncture. Examination of the collected chest fluid identified some cancer cells. He was continuously treated with hemodialysis three times a week and hemodiafiltration once every 2 wk. He was also given oral ketoacids, intravenous infusion of human albumin, and other nutritional support treatments. After that, his Hb rose to 87 g/L, but his serum ferritin was as high as 1252.2 mg/L (Figure 2). His general fatigue symptoms were markedly relieved. After a series of symptomatic treatments, the patient's condition improved, and he was discharged from the hospital.

Figure 2

Dynamic changes of hemoglobin and serum ferritin. The patient was admitted to our hospital on July 24, 2020. He was treated with 1.5 units of red blood cell transfusion on that day. After discharge, he began to take 20 mg oral roxadustat three times a week on August 1, 2020. Then he began to take 50 mg oral roxadustat three times a week on December 8, 2020. Hb: Hemoglobin; SF: Serum ferritin.

Because the patient was given a very high dosage of rHuEPO, we were worried that further increasing rHuEPO dosage would lead to severe complications. At the same time, the patient had an iron overload. Therefore, we recommended oral roxadustat to improve his anemia. However, the patient was only willing to accept 20 mg rather than the standard starting dose of 100 mg roxadustat treatment three times a week because of the financial burden since August 1, 2020.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

During the 4 mo of follow-up, the patient’s Hb remained stable at about 90 g/L. We repeatedly advised him to increase roxadustat dosage. Finally, he agreed to take 50 mg oral roxadustat three times a week from December 8, 2020. Two months later, his Hb level rose to about 100 g/L (Figure 2). During the course of oral administration, he was regularly monitored for blood parameters and subjected to abdominal CT. His iron index was further improved (Figure 3). The plain abdomen CT scan (Figure 1B) showed an enlarged right kidney, irregular soft tissue occupying, unclear boundary, and an about 59.2 mm × 50.6 mm larger layer. Compared with previous CT, there was no significant change in tumor size. Meanwhile, he did not have obvious discomfort.

Figure 3

Changes of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. The patient’s serum ferritin was as high as 1252.2 mg/L on the second day after blood transfusion on July 25, 2020. His iron index was further improved after taking roxadustat orally in the following months. SF: Serum ferritin; TAST: Transferrin saturation.

DISCUSSION

To our best knowledge, this is the first case report of roxadustat for the treatment of anemia in a cancer patient with ESRD. Many studies have shown that 30% to 90% of cancer patients have anemia. The incidence and severity of anemia are related to the age, tumor type, tumor stage, disease progression, treatment plan, dosage of chemotherapy drugs, inflammation, and other factors[2,3]. Based on the data from Chinese clinical trials, the prevalence of anemia is significantly higher in patients with CKD than in the general population and increases with the progression of CKD, reaching as high as 91.6%-98.2% in dialysis patients[4-6]. A bidirectional relationship has been observed between kidney disease and cancer. On the one hand, cancer is an important complication noted in kidney disease and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group. On the other hand, cancer patients may develop CKD directly or indirectly due to the toxicity of tumors to the kidney itself or treatment-related factors. Currently, ESAs are the cornerstones for the treatment of renal anemia or cancer-related anemia[7] besides iron supplementation and blood transfusion.

ESAs are the analogs of EPO with characteristics of good tolerance and ease to use. They have been used to treat anemia patients with normal physiology and can significantly improve the quality of life of patients. However, ESAs can increase blood pressure, promote tumor growth[8], and increase the risk of stroke and thromboembolism in patients with malignant tumors[9-11]. According to the summary of the American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology Clinical Practice Guideline Update, ESAs should not be offered to patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia whose cancer treatment is curative in intent. Still, it could be provided to patients with chemotherapy-associated anemia whose cancer treatment is not curative in intent and whose Hb is < 10 g/dL[7].

For patients with renal failure caused by tumors or chemotherapy, continuous use of ESAs can lead to functional iron deficiency. At present, the main iron supplements are oral and parenteral[12]. However, due to the close relationship between unstable iron and oxidative stress, bacterial growth, gastrointestinal reaction, and hypersensitivity, iron supplementation (especially intravenous iron) increases the risk of infection and death of CKD patients[13,14].

Transfusion of red blood cells or whole blood can rapidly increase Hb concentration. Thus, it is used for tumor patients with severe anemia, patients with anemia caused by acute hemorrhage, and asymptomatic anemia patients with heart disease, chronic lung disease, and cerebrovascular disease. However, transfusion may lead to a series of risks such as transfusion-related response, blood transfusion-related cycle overload, virus transmission, bacterial infection, iron overload, and red blood cell allogeneic immunity[15].

HIF, a dimer composed of α and β subunits, is the key transcription factor regulating the body’s physiological response to the change of oxygen concentration. There are three subtypes of HIF-α: HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α. HIF-2α is mainly distributed in the kidney and participates in the production of red blood cells. HIF is regulated by the prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) family. PHD mainly regulates HIF by sensing the changes of intracellular oxygen partial pressure. Under normal oxygen conditions, HIF-α is recognized and hydroxylated by PHD and then degraded by proteasome. Under hypoxia, PHD activity decreases, and HIF-α is freed from degradation. HIF-α and HIF-β combine to form a dimer, promoting the upregulation of a series of genes. HIF-PHI drugs weaken the effect of PHD on HIF mainly by replacing the necessary synergistic substrate of PHD or by blocking the interference between enzyme catalytic sites and PHD substrate-α so that HIF can be stably expressed to regulate the transcription and expression of target genes downstream of the HIF signaling pathway[1]. HIF-PHI could promote the expression of iron metabolism-related proteins by promoting EPO production and its receptor expression and reducing hepcidin levels, thereby comprehensively regulating the production of erythrocytes[16,17]. Roxadustat (FG-4592, FibroGen, Astellas, AstraZeneca) is one of HIF-PHI and has been listed in China and Japan. On December 17, 2018, roxadustat was officially approved by the State Drug Administration of China to treat CKD anemia in dialysis patients. But it has not been used to treat cancer-related anemia, let alone to treat anemia in cancer patients with ESRD.

In our case report, the patient had both renal cancer and ESRD and was receiving hemodialysis. His anemia was caused by various factors, including insufficient EPO production, reduced EPO activity, iron deficiency, metabolic disorders, malnutrition, inflammatory state, uremic toxin, and the tumor itself. Because the patient’s cancer treatment was not curative in intent, he was given ESAs to treat anemia at first. Later, to maintain Hb stability, we adjusted ESA dose and supplemented iron to ensure dialysis adequacy and improve nutritional status. However, the patient’s Hb decreased rapidly (Table 1). Although the patient's tumor was incurable, he still hoped to prolong his survival time and improve his quality of life as much as possible. At this time, a large dose of ESAs could not maintain Hb stability. Although blood transfusion temporarily increased Hb, he was still in a state of iron overload and inflammation.

Many studies have shown that roxadustat can effectively treat renal anemia[18,19]. However, it has not been reported to treat cancer-related anemia, cancer complicated with renal anemia, and anemia with a combination of roxadustat and ESAs. Based on the above reasons, we advised the patient to take oral roxadustat on the basis of maintaining the original treatment regimen. Unfortunately, he received 20 mg rather than the initial 100 mg of roxadustat three times a week. He was also given 30000 U of rHuEPO via intravenous injections per week. During the subsequent follow-up months, his Hb remained at about 90 g/L, his BP slightly increased but was controllable by drugs, and his iron index was improved (Figure 3). With our repeated efforts, the patient accepted treatment with 50 mg roxadustat three times a week, and his condition further improved: His Hb gradually rose to about 100 g/L. The patient’s abdominal CT (Figure 1B) revealed no apparent progression of the renal tumor. Over the period of oral roxadustat, the patient had no obvious discomfort symptoms. Therefore, we believe that roxadustat was effective for anemia treatment in cancer patients with ESRD and should be recognized as a routine treatment.

Some studies have shown that increased HIF expression in cancers is associated with a poor prognosis[20]. It is unclear whether HIF is a pro-tumor factor or whether an increased HIF level reflects the hypoxic environment in faster-growing and more aggressive tumors. Currently, its causative relationship with primary tumors has not been clinically proven. Since our report is just an individual case, more clinical trials are needed to observe the therapeutic effect and mechanism of roxadustat for anemia treatment in cancer patients with ESRD.

CONCLUSION

Oral roxadustat is safe and effective for anemia treatment of cancer patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. A combination of roxadustat and ESAs may be an additional treatment option for these patients. However, more studies are needed to assess the risk and adverse effects of roxadustat.