| Literature DB >> 35967744 |
Angela Kranz1, Nathalie Feierabend1, Doreen Sliwka1, Anja Wiesegart1, Harald Abele1,2, Joachim Graf1.
Abstract
Introduction Periodontal diseases are widespread in women of reproductive potential. Although their treatment of these disorders contributes to oral health, there is still no conclusive evidence that this intervention has a beneficial effect on the course of pregnancy, in particular the rate of premature births. On the one hand, the aim of the paper is a systematic assessment of the association between periodontal diseases and pregnancy complications, based on the current literature. On the other hand, the efficacy of periodontal treatments vs. no treatment in pregnant women should be assessed with the target criterion of premature birth or other pregnancy complications. Materials and methods The narrative review was based on the PRISMA statement. Premature births were defined as primary endpoints, while various perinatal and maternal outcomes were grouped together as secondary endpoints. An electronic database search for relevant meta-analyses and systematic reviews was carried out in PubMed and the Cochrane database. Methodological characteristics and the results of the included studies were extracted. The RR or OR (95% CI) was used to measure the result. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the AMSTAR checklist. Results Seven publications were included (total number of subjects n = 56755). The majority of included studies do not demonstrate a significant association of periodontal disease and/or periodontal treatment with certain childhood and/or maternal outcomes. The quality of the included studies was deemed to be sufficient. Conclusion Even today, there is insufficient evidence to confirm the correlation between periodontal disease and certain maternal and/or infantile outcomes. Periodontal treatment during pregnancy also does not seem to affect the risks of pregnancy. Nevertheless, it is recommended that all pregnant women are advised to improve their daily oral hygiene in order to prevent inflammatory diseases, regardless of the progress of the pregnancy. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Entities:
Keywords: adverse birth outcomes; evidence; periodontal diseases; pregnancy; premature birth
Year: 2022 PMID: 35967744 PMCID: PMC9365472 DOI: 10.1055/a-1868-4693
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.754
Fig. 1Fig. Flow chart for narrative literature research according to the PRISMA Schema 11 .
Table 1 Methodological characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Study type | Country and intervention of the examined studies | Identification of subjects | Study objective | Endpoints/outcomes | Inclusion/exclusion criteria |
|
Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2017
| Cochrane Review | |||||
|
Manrique-Corredor et al., 2019
| Systematic review and meta-analysis | |||||
|
Konopka et al., 2012
| Meta-analysis | |||||
|
Da Rosa et al., 2012
| Systematic review and meta-analysis | |||||
|
Boutin et al., 2013
| Systematic review and meta-analysis | |||||
|
Polyzos et al., 2010
| Systematic review and meta-analysis | |||||
|
Moliner-Sánchez et al., 2020
| Systematic review and meta-analysis |
Table 2 Key results of the studies.
| Study | Endpoints | Results/conclusion |
|
Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2017
| No clear difference in premature births < 37 weeks (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.70–1.10) between periodontal treatment and no treatment. Low-quality evidence that periodontal treatment may reduce low birth weight < 2500 g (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.48–0.95). It is uncertain whether periodontal treatment may result in a difference in premature birth < 35 weeks (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.81–1.76) and < 32 weeks (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.78–2.32), low birth weight < 1500 g (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.38–1.70), perinatal mortality (including fetal and neonatal deaths up to the first 28 days after birth) (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.51–1.43) and preeclampsia (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.74–1.62). | |
|
Manrique-Corredor et al., 2019
| The meta-analysis gives an OR of 2.01 (95% CI 1.71, 2.36), which represents a significant positive correlation between the explanatory and the result variables. | |
|
Konopka et al., 2012
| The overall odds ratio for premature birth with a low-weight infant for mothers with periodontitis is 2.35 (1.88–2.93, p < 0.0001). For low birth weight, the total OR is 1.5 (95% CI: 1.26–1.79, p = 0.001), for premature births −2.73 (95% CI: 2.06–3.6, p < 0.0001). | |
|
Da Rosa et al., 2012
| Treatment of periodontal disease during pregnancy has no significant effect on the overall birth rate of premature birth < 37 weeks (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.68–1.19; p = 0.45; I2: 74%). There is a weak correlation between the treatment of periodontal disease during pregnancy and the reduction of low birth weight < 2500 g, and without a significant effect (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.71–1.20; p = 0.55; I2: 56%). | |
|
Boutin et al., 2013
| A non-significant correlation between periodontal treatment and premature birth (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.73–1.08) can be determined. Daily use of chlorhexidine mouthwashes is associated with a reduction in premature birth rate (RR: 0.69, 95% CI 0.50–0.95). | |
|
Polyzos et al., 2010
| In the high-quality studies, the treatment has no significant effect on the overall rate of premature births (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.95–1.40; p = 0.15). Treatment does not result in a reduction in the rate of low birth weight infants (OR 1.07, 0.85–1.36; p = 0.55), spontaneous abortions/stillbirths (0.79, 0.51–1.22; p = 0.28) or overall adverse pregnancy outcomes (premature births < 37 weeks and spontaneous abortions/stillbirths) (1.09, 0.91–1.30; p = 0.34). | |
|
Moliner-Sánchez et al., 2020
| Statistically significant values (RR = 1.67 [1.17–2.38], 95% CI) and low birth weight (RR = 2.53 [1.61–3.98], 95% CI) are determined for the risk of premature birth in pregnant women with periodontitis. A meta-regression, in which these results are related to the income level of the individual countries, gives statistically significant values for premature birth RR = 1.8 (1.43–2.27) 95% CI and for low birth weight RR = 2.9 (1.98–4.26) 95% CI. The risk of premature birth in women with periodontitis is increased by 1.67 times and the risk of a newborn with low birth weight by 1.42 times (evidence level 2a). |
Table 3 Evaluation of the quality of the included studies according to the AMSTAR checklist.
| Study | A priori planning/definition | Study selection/extraction of 2 independent persons | Comprehensive systematic literature search | Unpublished and grey literature included | References of the included and excluded literature | Study characteristics indicated | Risk of distortion assessed | Risk of distortion taken into account in the interpretation of results | Statistically adequate evaluation | Potential publication bias addressed | Potential conflicts of interest addressed |
|
Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2017
| Yes | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
Manrique-Corredor et al., 2019
| Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
Konopka et al., 2012
| Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
|
Da Rosa et al., 2012
| Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
|
Boutin et al., 2013
| Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
|
Polyzos et al., 2010
| Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
|
Moliner-Sánchez et al., 2020
| Uncertain | Yes | Yes | Uncertain | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Abb. 1Flussdiagramm zur narrativen Literaturrecherche nach PRISMA-Schema 11 .
Tab. 1 Methodische Kennzeichen der eingeschlossenen Studien.
| Studie | Studientyp | Land und Intervention der untersuchten Studien | Kennzeichen der Probandinnen | Studienziel | Endpunkte/Outcomes | Einschluss-/Ausschlusskriterien |
|
Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2017
| Cochrane Review | |||||
|
Manrique-Corredor et al., 2019
| systematisches Review und Metaanalyse | |||||
|
Konopka et al., 2012
| Metaanalyse | |||||
|
Da Rosa et al., 2012
| systematisches Review und Metaanalyse | |||||
|
Boutin et al., 2013
| systematisches Review und Metaanalyse | |||||
|
Polyzos et al., 2010
| systematisches Review und Metaanalyse | |||||
|
Moliner-Sánchez et al., 2020
| systematisches Review und Metaanalyse |
Tab. 2 Zentrale Ergebnisse der Studien.
| Studie | Endpunkte | Ergebnisse/Schlussfolgerung |
|
Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2017
| Kein eindeutiger Unterschied bei Frühgeburten < 37 Wochen (RR 0,87, 95%-KI 0,70–1,10) zwischen Parodontalbehandlung und keiner Behandlung. Hinweise von geringer Qualität, dass eine Parodontalbehandlung das niedrige Geburtsgewicht < 2500 g verringern kann (RR 0,67, 95%-KI 0,48–0,95). Es ist unklar, ob die Parodontalbehandlung zu einem Unterschied bei Frühgeburten < 35 Wochen (RR 1,19, 95%-KI 0,81–1,76) und < 32 Wochen (RR 1,35, 95%-KI 0,78–2,32), niedrigem Geburtsgewicht < 1500 g (RR 0,80, 95%-KI 0,38–1,70), perinatale Sterblichkeit (einschließlich fetaler und neonataler Todesfälle bis zu den ersten 28 Tagen nach der Geburt) (RR 0,85, 95%-KI 0,51–1,43) und Präeklampsie (RR 1,10, 95%-KI 0,74–1,62) führen kann. | |
|
Manrique-Corredor et al., 2019
| Die Metaanalyse ergibt eine OR von 2,01 (95%-KI 1,71, 2,36), was einen signifikanten positiven Zusammenhang zwischen den erklärenden und den Ergebnisvariablen darstellt. | |
|
Konopka et al., 2012
| Die allgemeine Odds Ratio für eine Frühgeburt mit einem Kind mit geringem Gewicht für Mütter mit Parodontitis beträgt 2,35 (1,88–2,93, p < 0,0001). Für ein niedriges Geburtsgewicht beträgt die Gesamt-OR 1,5 (95%-KI: 1,26–1,79, p = 0,001), für Frühgeburten −2,73 (95%-KI: 2,06–3,6, p < 0,0001). | |
|
Da Rosa et al., 2012
| Die Behandlung von Parodontalerkrankungen während der Schwangerschaft hat keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Gesamtrate der Frühgeburten < 37 Wochen (RR = 0,90, 95%-KI: 0,68–1,19; p = 0,45; I2: 74%). Ein schwacher Zusammenhang zwischen der Behandlung von Parodontalerkrankungen während der Schwangerschaft und der Verringerung des niedriges Geburtsgewicht < 2500 g und ohne signifikanten Effekt besteht (RR = 0,92, 95%-KI: 0,71–1,20; p = 0,55; I2: 56%). | |
|
Boutin et al., 2013
| Ein nicht signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Parodontalbehandlung und Frühgeburt (RR: 0,89; 95%-KI: 0,73–1,08) lässt sich feststellen. Die tägliche Anwendung von Chlorhexidin-Mundspülungen ist mit einer Verringerung der Frühgeburtenrate verbunden (RR: 0,69; 95%-KI 0,50–0,95). | |
|
Polyzos et al., 2010
| Bei den qualitativ hochwertigen Studien hat die Behandlung keinen signifikanten Effekt auf die Gesamtrate der Frühgeburten (OR 1,15, 95%-Konfidenzintervall 0,95–1,40; p = 0,15). Die Behandlung führt nicht zu einer Verringerung der Rate von Kindern mit niedrigem Geburtsgewicht (OR 1,07, 0,85–1,36; p = 0,55), von Spontanaborten/Stillgeburten (0,79, 0,51–1,22; p = 0,28) oder von ungünstigen Schwangerschaftsergebnissen insgesamt (Frühgeburten < 37 Wochen und Spontanaborte/Stillgeburten) (1,09, 0,91–1,30; p = 0,34). | |
|
Moliner-Sánchez et al., 2020
| Für Risiko einer Frühgeburt bei Schwangeren mit Parodontitis werden statistisch signifikante Werte (RR = 1,67 [1,17–2,38], 95%-KI) und niedrigem Geburtsgewicht (RR = 2,53 [1,61–3,98], 95%-KI) ermittelt. Eine Metaregression, bei der diese Ergebnisse mit dem Einkommensniveau der einzelnen Länder in Beziehung gesetzt werden, ergibt statistisch signifikante Werte für Frühgeburten RR = 1,8 (1,43–2,27) 95%-KI und für geringes Geburtsgewicht RR = 2,9 (1,98–4,26) 95%-KI. Das Risiko einer Frühgeburt bei Frauen mit Parodontitis ist um das 1,67-Fache und das Risiko eines Neugeborenen mit niedrigem Geburtsgewicht um das 1,42-Fache erhöht (Evidenzgrad 2a). |
Tab. 3 Bewertung der Qualität der eingeschlossenen Studien nach der AMSTAR-Checkliste.
| Studie | A-priori-Planung/Definition | Studienauswahl/-extraktion von 2 unabhängigen Personen | umfassende systematische Literatursuche | unpublizierte und graue Literatur aufgenommen | Referenzen der ein- und ausgeschlossenen Literatur | Studiencharakteristika angegeben | Verzerrungsrisiko bewertet | Verzerrungsrisiko in Ergebnisinterpretation berücksichtigt | statistisch adäquate Auswertung | potenzielles Publikationsbias adressiert | potenzielle Interessenkonflikte adressiert |
|
Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2017
| ja | ja | ja | unklar | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja |
|
Manrique-Corredor et al., 2019
| unklar | ja | ja | unklar | nein | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja |
|
Konopka et al., 2012
| unklar | ja | ja | unklar | nein | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | nein |
|
Da Rosa et al., 2012
| unklar | ja | ja | unklar | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | nein |
|
Boutin et al., 2013
| unklar | ja | ja | unklar | nein | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | nein |
|
Polyzos et al., 2010
| unklar | ja | ja | unklar | nein | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja |
|
Moliner-Sánchez et al., 2020
| unklar | ja | ja | unklar | nein | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja | ja |