| Literature DB >> 35966441 |
Alberto Naoki Miyazaki1, Caio Santos Checchia1, João Manoel Fonseca Filho1,2, João Roberto Polydoro Rosa1,2, Guilherme do Val Sella1, Luciana Andrade da Silva1.
Abstract
Objective The primary aim of the present study is to evaluate the functional results of a modification to the latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer around the shoulder for irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. The secondary aim is to evaluate variables that might influence the outcomes. Surgical Technique Through a single deltopectoral approach, the LD tendon is detached, reinforced, and elongated with a tendinous allograft, transferred around the humerus, and fixed superolaterally to the greater tuberosity and anteriorly to the subscapularis. Methods Retrospective functional evaluation of 16 cases. The average follow-up was 21 months (12-47). The postoperative results (at last follow-up) were compared with the preoperative ones, as well as to other pre, intra, and postoperative variables. Results All (but one) patients were satisfied. Average University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) score increased from 11.6 (8-16) to 27.3 (17-30) ( p < 0.001). Improvements of shoulder pain, function, and strength achieved statistical significance ( p < 0.001). Nonetheless, normal strength was never restored. Average active range of motion improved as follows: forward elevation, from 106° (60-140°) to 145° (130-160°) ( p < 0.001); external rotation from 30° (0° to 60°) to 54° (40-70°) ( p < 0.001); and internal rotation from L1 (gluteus to T7) to T10 (T12-T3) ( p < 0.05). No complication has occurred. Preoperative pseudoparesis was reverted in all the six cases in which it was present. None of the variables analyzed influenced the outcomes, including pseudoparesis. Conclusions At early follow-up, this technique is safe and effective at recovering from pseudoparesis and at improving shoulder pain, function, and strength. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: orthopedic procedures; rotator cuff injuries; shoulder; tendon transfer
Year: 2021 PMID: 35966441 PMCID: PMC9365491 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1724073
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1Illustration of a right shoulder (anterior view) depicting the anatomical structures (the pectoralis major has been tenotomized and retracted; the latissimus dorsi tendon humerus insertion has already been detached).
Fig. 2( A ) Illustration of a right shoulder (anterior view), showing the surgical step in which the tendinous allograft has already been sutured to the native latissimus dorsi tendon and a surgical tweezer has been passed posterior to the humeral shaft. ( B ) Intraoperative photograph of a right shoulder during this surgical step.
Fig. 3( A ) Illustration (anterior view) and ( B ) photograph (lateral view) showing the final aspect of surgery, where the elongated latissimus dorsi tendon transfer is sutured to the posterolateral aspect of the greater tuberosity.
Preoperative data
| Goutallier | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case # | Gender | Age | Dominance | Trauma? | Symptoms (in months) | SUPRA | INFRA | SUBSCAP | HAMADA | Graft | Follow-up (in months) |
| 1 | M | 77 | + | − | 36 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Patellar | 13 |
| 2 | M | 56 | − | − | 24 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Fascia Lata | 13 |
| 3 | M | 61 | − | + | 25 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 2 | Patellar | 21 |
| 4 | F | 52 | + | + | 10 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Patellar | 31 |
| 5 | F | 63 | + | + | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | Patellar | 43 |
| 6 | F | 68 | + | − | 36 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | Fascia Lata | 12 |
| 7 | F | 64 | + | − | 96 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | Patellar | 47 |
| 8 | F | 68 | + | + | 52 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4B | Quadricipital | 19 |
| 9 | M | 68 | + | + | 7 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | Fascia Lata | 15 |
| 10 | F | 59 | + | − | 17 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | Fascia Lata | 15 |
| 11 | F | 67 | + | − | 36 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Fascia Lata | 16 |
| 12 | F | 56 | + | − | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | Fascia Lata | 14 |
| 13 | F | 61 | + | + | 23 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Patellar | 28 |
| 14 | F | 82 | + | + | 24 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | Patellar | 19 |
| 15 | M | 67 | − | + | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Fascia Lata | 12 |
| 16 | M | 67 | + | + | 72 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Fascia Lata | 15 |
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Abbreviations: Age, age at time of surgery; F, female; INFRA, infraspinatus; M, male; SUBSCAP, subscapularis; SUPRA, supraspinatus; Trauma?; Traumatic etiology?.
Comparison between pre and postoperative results
| Case # | ROM | UCLA | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FLEX PRE | FLEX POST | EXT ROT PRE | EXT ROT POST | INT ROT PRE | INT ROT POST | PAIN PRE | PAIN POST | FUNCTION PRE | FUNCTION POST | FLEX PRE | FLEX POST | STRENGTH PRE | STRENGTH POST | SATISF PRE | SATISF POST | TOTAL PRE | TOTAL POST | |
| 1 | 70 | 160 | 45 | 70 | Gluteus | T12 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 29 |
| 2 | 70 | 150 | 0 | 45 | Gluteus | T3 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 29 |
| 3 | 120 | 160 | 0 | 50 | T9 | T5 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 24 |
| 4 | 140 | 150 | 50 | 60 | T10 | T12 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 26 |
| 5 | 120 | 160 | 40 | 45 | T10 | T8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 30 |
| 6 | 120 | 140 | 45 | 45 | T12 | L1 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 27 |
| 7 | 70 | 160 | 45 | 60 | T12 | T10 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 26 |
| 8 | 130 | 140 | 30 | 60 | Gluteus | T7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 30 |
| 9 | 120 | 140 | 20 | 50 | T12 | T12 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 30 |
| 10 | 80 | 160 | 60 | 60 | T12 | T12 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 30 |
| 11 | 130 | 130 | 45 | 45 | T10 | T10 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 17 |
| 12 | 140 | 140 | 50 | 60 | T7 | T7 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 30 |
| 13 | 125 | 140 | 30 | 70 | T9 | T10 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 29 |
| 14 | 90 | 130 | 0 | 60 | L5 | T12 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 23 |
| 15 | 100 | 130 | 20 | 40 | T12 | T9 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 29 |
| 16 | 70 | 130 | 0 | 40 | Gluteus | T12 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 29 |
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| 105.94 | 145 | 30 | 53.75 | L1 | T10 | 3.00 | 7.56 | 3.44 | 7.38 | 2.75 | 4.25 | 2.44 | 3.63 | 0.00 | 4.69 | 11.63 | 27.38 |
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| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Abbreviations: EXT ROT, external rotation; FLEX, forward flexion; UCLA - FLEX, active forward flexion subscore; UCLA - FUNCTION, function subscore; INT ROT, internal rotation; UCLA - PAIN, pain subscore; POST, postoperative; PRE, preoperative; ROM, range of motion; UCLA - SATIF, satisfaction of the patient subscore; UCLA - STRENGTH, strength of forward flexion subscore; UCLA - TOTAL, total score (sum of the previous 5 subscores); UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles shoulder score.
Comparison of pseudoparetic and nonpseudoparetic patients
| Average gain of | PSEUDOPARETIC (6 cases) | NONPSEUDOPARETIC (10 cases) |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 73.33° | 18.5° |
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| 30.83° | 19.5° | 0.27 |
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| 6.17° | 1.7° | 0.09 |
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| 4 | 4.9 | 0.48 |
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| 5 | 3.3 | 0.12 |
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| 2.83 | 0.7 |
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| 1.17 | 1.2 | 0.925 |
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| 5 | 4.5 | 0.458 |
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| 18 | 14.4 | 0.183 |
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| 75° | 124.5° |
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| 148.33° | 143° | 0.41 |
Abbreviations: EXT ROT, external rotation; FLEX, forward flexion; UCLA - FLEX, active forward flexion subscore; UCLA – FUNCTION, function subscore; INT ROT, internal rotation; UCLA – PAIN, pain subscore; POSTOP, postoperative; PREOP, preoperative; ROM, range of motion; UCLA - SATISF, satisfaction of the patient subscore; UCLA - STRENGTH, strength of forward flexion subscore; UCLA – TOTAL, total score (sum of the previous 5 subscores); UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles shoulder score.
*** = Statistically significant difference.
Fig. 1Ilustração de um ombro direito (vista anterior) representando as estruturas anatômicas (o peitoral maior foi tenotomizado e afastado; o tendão do grande dorsal já foi desinserido do úmero).
Fig. 2( A ) Ilustração de ombro direito (vista anterior), mostrando a etapa cirúrgica em que o enxerto tendíneo homólogo já foi suturado ao tendão do grande dorsal nativo e uma pinça cirúrgica foi passada posteriormente à diáfise umeral. ( B ) Fotografia intraoperatória do ombro direito durante esta etapa cirúrgica.
Fig. 3( A ) Ilustração (vista anterior) e ( B ) fotografia (vista lateral) do aspecto final da cirurgia, onde o tendão do grande dorsal alongado é suturado ao aspecto póstero-lateral do tubérculo maior.
Dados pré-operatórios
| Goutallier | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Número do Caso | Sexo | Idade | Dominância | Trauma? | Sintomas (em meses) | SUPRA | INFRA | SUB | HAMADA | Enxerto | Acompanhamento (em meses) |
| 1 | M | 77 | + | − | 36 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Patelar | 13 |
| 2 | M | 56 | − | − | 24 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Fáscia Lata | 13 |
| 3 | M | 61 | − | + | 25 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 2 | Patelar | 21 |
| 4 | F | 52 | + | + | 10 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | Patelar | 31 |
| 5 | F | 63 | + | + | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | Patelar | 43 |
| 6 | F | 68 | + | − | 36 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | Fáscia Lata | 12 |
| 7 | F | 64 | + | − | 96 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | Patelar | 47 |
| 8 | F | 68 | + | + | 52 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4B | Quadríceps | 19 |
| 9 | M | 68 | + | + | 7 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | Fáscia Lata | 15 |
| 10 | F | 59 | + | − | 17 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | Fáscia Lata | 15 |
| 11 | F | 67 | + | − | 36 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | Fáscia Lata | 16 |
| 12 | F | 56 | + | − | 24 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | Fáscia Lata | 14 |
| 13 | F | 61 | + | + | 23 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | Patelar | 28 |
| 14 | F | 82 | + | + | 24 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | Patelar | 19 |
| 15 | M | 67 | − | + | 7 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Fáscia Lata | 12 |
| 16 | M | 67 | + | + | 72 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | Fáscia Lata | 15 |
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Abreviaturas: Idade, idade no momento da cirurgia; F, feminino; INFRA, infra-espinal; M, masculino; SUB, subescapular; SUPRA, supra-espinal; Trauma?, etiologia traumática?.
Comparação de resultados pré e pós-operatórios
| Número do caso | ADM | UCLA | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELEV PRÉ | ELEV PÓS | ROTEXT PRÉ | ROTEXT PÓS | ROT INT PRÉ | ROT INT PÓS | DOR PRÉ | DOR PÓS | FUNÇÃO PRÉ | FUNÇÃO PÓS | ELEV PRÉ | ELEV PÓS | FORÇA PRÉ | FORÇA PÓS | SATISF PRÉ | SATISF PÓS | TOTAL PRÉ | TOTAL PÓS | |
| 1 | 70 | 160 | 45 | 70 | Glúteo | T12 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 14 | 29 |
| 2 | 70 | 150 | 0 | 45 | Glúteo | T3 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 29 |
| 3 | 120 | 160 | 0 | 50 | T9 | T5 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 24 |
| 4 | 140 | 150 | 50 | 60 | T10 | T12 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 26 |
| 5 | 120 | 160 | 40 | 45 | T10 | T8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 30 |
| 6 | 120 | 140 | 45 | 45 | T12 | L1 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 15 | 27 |
| 7 | 70 | 160 | 45 | 60 | T12 | T10 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 26 |
| 8 | 130 | 140 | 30 | 60 | Glúteo | T7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 30 |
| 9 | 120 | 140 | 20 | 50 | T12 | T12 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 30 |
| 10 | 80 | 160 | 60 | 60 | T12 | T12 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 9 | 30 |
| 11 | 130 | 130 | 45 | 45 | T10 | T10 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 17 |
| 12 | 140 | 140 | 50 | 60 | T7 | T7 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 30 |
| 13 | 125 | 140 | 30 | 70 | T9 | T10 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 29 |
| 14 | 90 | 130 | 0 | 60 | L5 | T12 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 23 |
| 15 | 100 | 130 | 20 | 40 | T12 | T9 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 13 | 29 |
| 16 | 70 | 130 | 0 | 40 | Glúteo | T12 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 29 |
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| 105,94 | 145 | 30 | 53,75 | L1 | T10 | 3,00 | 7,56 | 3,44 | 7,38 | 2,75 | 4,25 | 2,44 | 3,63 | 0,00 | 4,69 | 11,63 | 27,38 |
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| < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | < 0,001 | ||||||||||
Abreviaturas: ADM, amplitude de movimento; DOR - UCLA, subpontuação dor; ELEV, elevação; UCLA - ELEV, subpontuação elevação ativa; UCLA - FUNÇÃO, subpontuação função; UCLA - FORÇA, subpontuação força da flexão frontal; PÓS, pós-operatório; PRÉ, pré-operatório; ROT EXT, rotação externa; ROT INT, rotação interna; UCLA - SATISF, subpontuação satisfação do paciente; UCLA - TOTAL, “pontuação total (soma das cinco subpontuações anteriores); UCLA, pontuação de ombro da University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Comparação de pacientes com pseudoparesia ou não
| Ganho médio | Pseudoparesia (6 casos) | Sem pseudoparesia (10 casos) |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| 73,33° | 18,5° |
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| 30,83° | 19,5° | 0,27 |
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| 6,17° | 1,7° | 0,09 |
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| 4 | 4,9 | 0,48 |
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| 5 | 3,3 | 0,12 |
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| 2,83 | 0,7 |
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| 1,17 | 1,2 | 0,925 |
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| 5 | 4,5 | 0,458 |
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| 18 | 14,4 | 0,183 |
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| 75° | 124,5° |
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| 148,33° | 143° | 0,41 |
Abreviaturas: ADM, amplitude de movimento; UCLA - DOR, subpontuação dor; FLEX, flexão frontal; UCLA - FLEX, subpontuação flexão frontal ativa; UCLA - FUNÇÃO, subpontuação função; UCLA - FORÇA, subpontuação força da flexão frontal; PÓS, pós-operatório; PRÉ, pré-operatório; ROT EXT, rotação externa; ROT INT, rotação interna; UCLA - SATISF, subpontuação satisfação do paciente; UCLA - TOTAL, pontuação total (soma das cinco subpontuações anteriores); UCLA, pontuação de ombro da University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Diferença estatisticamente significativa.