Support Life Club: A New Model Based on Social Media Group Chats and Social Activities That Can Improve Adherence and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Receiving Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Aim: To describe a new model, the Support Life Club (SLC), for participants of Phase II cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs and to evaluate this model for adherence, completion rates, and clinical outcomes.
Methods: This retrospective study involved 391 consecutive patients who participated in an outpatient CR program between September 2016 and May 2020. The intervention group (SLC) was comprised of 198 patients who participated in education, WeChat-based group activity as well as outdoor activities, while the control group (non-intervention) was comprised of 193 cases. All patients attended a 12-week supervised outpatient CR program (three sessions per week, each lasting 40min). The intervention and control groups were compared for completion rates, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) results, Six-minute Walk Test (6MWT) distances, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores.
Results: Patients in the intervention group attended at least 75% of the exercise training sessions more often than those in the control group (72.5% vs 40.41%, adjusted odds ratio (OR): 27.385; 95% CI: 10.2 to 73.6; P = 0.0000). Analysis of variance (2 × 2 ANOVA) revealed a significant group-by-time interaction in PHQ9 and 6MWT test results (p = 0.000).
Conclusion: The addition of SLC to a cardiac rehabilitation program resulted in better outcomes for PHQ9 and 6MWT tests and may be a useful strategy to improve exercise adherence.

Introduction

Major advances have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nevertheless, it remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 40% of deaths in China.1–3 Effective preventive measures for reducing morbidity and mortality and for improving the quality of life and prognosis of this disease are essential. In this regard, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a multidisciplinary program consisting of exercise training, nutritional assessment, psychological intervention, risk factor modification, patient education, and counseling.4–8 It has been confirmed that CR is an effective intervention that reduces hospital readmission and mortality, while also improving the quality of life for patients with coronary artery disease. International guidelines recommend CR as a Class I for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).9,10 Nevertheless, the utilization of CR remains suboptimal. Many eligible patients are not referred for CR programs, while many who do participate drop out.11 Data collected from the United States, Canada, Netherlands, and the United Kingdom indicate that less than 30% of eligible patients participate in CR.12–15 Of these, only 40–50% complete the full program, with 30–60% continuing to exercise for a further 6–12 months.16,17 In China, CR programs are still developing and have received scant attention to date. Of the 11.4 million coronary heart disease (CHD) patients in mainland China, only one-third receive education about CR and less than 10% receive an individualized prescription.18 Barriers to CR include gender, age, Medicare coverage, travel distance, financial status, multiple comorbidities, psychological barriers, low education level, living alone, patient motivation, and blocks in the referral system. Previous studies have reported several key strategies aimed at increasing the uptake of CR programs.19–22 The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) have stated that home-based CR is an option for eligible patients.23,24 The Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative has developed a road map aimed at improving the CR participation rate from 20% to more than 70%.25 Systematic referral for CR after hospitalization and the use of web- or telephone-based CR programs have also been proposed in order to increase uptake.26 However, little consideration has been given to the effect of regional, cultural, economic, and educational diversity on the rate of CR uptake. In China, the medical system, healthcare providers, medical insurance policies, lack of facilities, and insufficient health awareness all contribute to low rates of CR participation and adherence. Hence, a new and more effective model is urgently needed to improve the uptake of traditional CR therapy in China.27

In many countries, community-based cardiac rehabilitation (CBCR) is an important component of the intervention.28 In this program, close cooperation between cardiologists, physical therapists, participants, and their families can improve the rates of referral and compliance. However, there is little evidence to support the success of this program in China. Alternatively, the Support Life Club (SLC) consists of doctors, nurses, rehabilitation therapists, patients, and their spouses. Medical practitioners establish connections with patients by forming a WeChat Group. Professional teams provide individualized instructions, high-level clinical care, and counseling in relation to prevention, prognosis, and rehabilitation. This enhances the patients’ self-management and consciousness while increasing their overall confidence, adherence, and completion rate. However, these benefits are based on theoretical models and we could not find any published evidence confirming the positive effects of SLC on CR adherence and completion rates. Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesized that the addition of SLC to CR would increase adherence. We studied SLC in a cohort of patients undergoing outpatient CR to examine its impacts on adherence and completion in a phase II CR program.

Method

This single-center retrospective study was conducted on 391 consecutive patients who were referred as outpatients to a phase II CR program between September 2016 and May 2020. Patients aged more than 18 years old who had previously been diagnosed with CVD were eligible for the study. All eligible patients who enrolled in the outpatient CR program at our center were included. Patients were excluded if they were unable to perform cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) or phase II CR for any reason.

Patients self-selected into one of two groups: the SLC group, in which patients participated in SLC as an adjunct to the standard CR program; the control group, in which patients only participated in the outpatient CR program. The SLC details are described below. Data including demographics, etiologies, clinical factors, complications and outcomes were extracted from databases and hospital records in the CR center and cardiology unit. The requirement for informed consent was waived.

All patients undertook the six-minute walking test (6MWT) and the standard CPET at baseline and at the end of the outpatient CR program. Results were compared between the SLC and control groups.

Outpatient CR Program

Exercise training was supervised by trained physical therapists in the outpatient unit according to evidence-based clinical algorithms for the exercise prescription.29 The specific details were as follows: (a) Exercise method: patients exercise on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. (b) Exercise duration: each session lasts for 40 min, comprising 5 min of warm-up, 30 min of aerobic exercise, and 5 min of cool-down. (c) Exercise frequency: three times per week for 12 consecutive weeks. (d) Exercise intensity: all participants received individualized exercise prescriptions aimed at achieving 60% to 80% of the maximal heart rate measured in the CPET evaluation. (e) Monitoring: Electrocardiographs and blood pressure were recorded during exercise and monitored by cardiologists.

Support Life Club

This club is based on humanistic care and cooperation, with strong involvement by the participants. SLC consists of three components: an education program to increase participant awareness of the benefits and necessity of CR and how to cope with chronic heart disease; establishment of the WeChat-based group providing personalized supervision and instruction; and psychological intervention and therapy.30

Patient Education (PE)

The education program was held twice a month by one of the senior cardiologists and was approximately 90 to 120 minutes duration. It consisted of four modules: basic knowledge of CR; self-management of blood cholesterol, blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, and other risk factors; healthy lifestyle and healthy eating habits, smoking cessation, weight control, limitation of alcohol consumption; and physical activity. The main educator was usually an experienced cardiologist who started with a brief introduction of CR and emphasized the benefits to the patient. Each module focused on patient concerns about their disease, rather than monotonous presentations. Previous patients were also encouraged to share their successful experiences in the form of small-group discussions, thus strengthening participant motivation and confidence.

WeChat-Based Group Intervention

WeChat is one of the most popular social media applications and currently has more than 1 billion monthly active users worldwide.31,32

The WeChat group “Support Life Club” was established by a senior administrator in our team who was also responsible for quality control, technical support and access to the group. A total of 35 physicians, nurses, health care professionals and others were added to the group. Once the patient agreed to participate, a supervisor would include them in the group and provide the patient and their family with assistance on how to use the platform.

The four WeChat-based group services were as follows:

Timely reminders: Staff in the group were responsible for reminding patients to take their medications on schedule and to consume more lean meat, fish, eggs, fruits, vegetables, roots and nuts, while limiting their dietary intake of grains, dairy products, processed foods, sugar and salts. Reminder messages about adhering to the CR program were also provided by phone.

Multimedia Education: Text messages, voice mail and videos were used to deliver personalized prescriptions including pharmacological therapies, moderate exercise programs, smoking cessation, healthy diet, and psychological assessment by health care professionals, dietitians and cardiac nurses. Other materials related to the CR program were also released to the group in the form of electronic documents, pictures, videos, and web links.

WeChat-based communication and consulting: All participants could communicate with doctors or physicians whenever required by using the group chat function in WeChat. The cardiologists or trained nurses would reply as soon as possible with comforting, interpretative, and encouraging words. Patients were also encouraged to discuss their disease, share their feelings, and express any concerns and worries about their prognosis and recovery within this group. Through this WeChat group platform, patients with similar symptoms could further discuss with each other and share their personal experiences.

Convenient access to hospital: When patients experienced discomfort such as chest pain, or showed abnormal ECG or laboratory results, they could immediately consult or upload images to the WeChat group. The cardiologists in the group would read new entries as quickly as possible and then guide the patient on how to deal with their situation. In case of an emergency cardiac event such as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the medical staff on duty would organize for the patient to transfer to our percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) center. The intervention personnel in the catheter room would be contacted via telephone or via the WeChat group. Following PCI treatment, the patient would be admitted to the cardiac care unit (CCU) for dynamic observation. No patient information or data was allowed to be shared on the WeChat platform. The supervisor would delete all images using the remote wiping function in the WeChat app. For other emergencies, the SLC also provides easy access to medical care instead of traditional consultation with a physician. The SLC group saves patient time by avoiding queuing for medical treatment and provides them with more convenient medical services.

Outdoor Activities

The SLC offers participants various outdoor and entertainment activities, including group singing, group dancing, theatrical performances, and nature hiking. The group singing was usually facilitated by the health teacher and supported by one or two experienced music leaders who provided music accompaniment (keyboard or accordion). The medical staff also engaged in this activity, and patients with limited singing ability were encouraged to participate. The main form of singing was a choir in the style of traditional Chinese stage art such as Chinese opera. In addition, nature hikes were held regularly in wetland parks and in national forest parks on important dates such as World Heart Day, World Tobacco Day, and National Hypertension Day. The clinicians participated as hike leaders and wore uniform clothing, provided health care, and handled any physical emergencies that arose in patients with heart disease. Small prizes were also awarded to patients in order to encourage participation in these activities. Outdoor activities were conducted once every three months on average and for up to two hours duration. Each session involved a person-centered approach intended to promote self-confidence and a sense of support and motivation amongst participants. Patient caregivers were also invited to join in the outdoor activities program.

Measures

Baseline variables that were recorded included age, gender, reason for referral, cardiovascular risk factors, and pharmacological history. Clinical parameters obtained from the electronic medical record included BP, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and hemoglobin.

The primary outcomes were exercise adherence and the total number of exercise sessions attended in the CR program. The secondary outcomes included exercise capacity and depression.

Adherence to CR was defined as the number of participants completing at least 75% of the assigned sessions. The cut-off value used was obtained from the European position statement recommendations.33 The completion rate refers to the total number of exercise sessions attended. The data was collected from patient medical records and exercise diaries.

A secondary outcome was exercise capacity as estimated by the distance travelled during the six-minute walking test (6MWT) and performed according to The American Thoracic Society guidelines.34

The peak exercise oxygen uptake (peak VO2, mL/kg/min), metabolic equivalent, and VO2 at the anaerobic threshold (AT) were measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (CARDIOVIT AT-104, Schiller, Switzerland). The protocol for CPET includes 3 min of warm-up, followed by incremental resistance of 10w per min until volitional exhaustion. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), which is a validated 9-item self-report of major depression.35,36 Each item ranges from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day), with the total score ranging between 0 and 27.37

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 25. Variables were compared between the intervention (SLC) and control groups. Continuous variables were reported as the mean ± SD and compared with independent samples or the Mann–Whitney U-test according to the data distribution. Categorical variables were described as frequencies or percentages and were compared using the chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis, which adjusts for selection bias and baseline parameters, was used to obtain the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for adherence in the intervention group. P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. A 2×2 analysis of variance (ANOVAs), with time (pre-intervention, post-intervention) as a within-subject variable and group (intervention, control) as a between-subject variable, was performed to assess the effects of SLC intervention on primary outcomes (PHQ9, 6MWT, peak VO2, peak Mets, and VO2@AT). Partial eta-squared (η2p) was expressed as the effect size, with higher values representing higher proportions of variance explained by the independent variable. The alpha level was set to 0.05.

Results

This study involved 393 patients, of which 200 were in the SLC intervention group and 193 were in the control group. The baseline characteristics of the two groups are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Baseline Characteristics of Patients in Participation and Non-Participation Groups

Variables	Categories	SLC Group (200) N (%)	Control Group (193) N (%)	χ2 or t	p
Gender	Male	142 (71.0%)	135 (69.9%)	0.052	0.819
	Female	58 (29.0%)	58 (30.1%)
Age (year)	Mean±SD	59.89±9.30	63.51±9.99	−3.723	0.000
BMI (kg/m2)	Mean±SD	26.07±3.11	27.02±2.42	−3.414	0.001
CAD	Yes	176 (88.0%)	189 (97.9%)	14.629	0.000
	No	24 (12.0%)	4 (2.1%)
HF	Yes	22 (11.0%)	27 (14.0%)	0.804	0.370
	No	178 (89.0%)	166 (86.0%)
AF	Yes	29 (14.5%)	27 (14.0%)	0.021	0.885
	No	171 (85.5%)	166 (86.0%)
CABG	Yes	7 (3.5%)	19 (9.8%)	6.399	0.011
	No	193 (96.5%)	174 (90.2%)
PCI	Yes	82 (41.0%)	56 (29.0%)	6.192	0.013
	No	118 (59.0%)	137 (71.0%)
Hypertension	Yes	76 (38.0%)	114 (59.1%)	17.456	0.000
	No	124 (62.0%)	79 (40.9%)
Diabetes	Yes	55 (27.5%)	60 (31.1%)	0.611	0.434
	No	145 (72.5%)	133 (68.9%)
Platelet inhibitors	Yes	192 (96.0%)	193 (100.0%)	6.002	0.014
	No	8 (4.0%)	0 (0.0%)
β-block	Yes	153 (76.5%)	94 (48.7%)	32.499	0.000
	No	47 (23.5%)	99 (51.3%)
Statins	Yes	173 (86.5%)	148 (76.7%)	5.685	0.017
	No	27 (13.5%)	45 (23.3%)
ACEI/ARB	Yes	96 (48.0%)	193 (100.0%)	136.476	0.000
	No	104 (52.0%)	0 (0.0%)
CCB	Yes	59 (29.5%)	192 (99.5%)	208.444	0.000
	No	141 (70.5%)	1 (0.5%)
Anti-anxiety/dipression	Yes	21 (10.5%)	20 (10.4%)	0.002	0.964
	No	179 (89.5%)	173 (89.6%)
Systolic BP (mmHg)	Mean±SD	126.65±14.07	136.34±22.17	−5.104	0.000
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	Mean±SD	76.21±10.19	78.08±8.54	−1.969	0.0497
TC (mmol/L)	Mean±SD	3.36±0.91	2.93±0.71	5.283	0.000
TG (mmol/L)	Mean±SD	2.01±0.91	2.19±0.90	−1.954	0.051
HDL-C (mmol/L)	Mean±SD	1.99±0.78	2.12±0.53	−1.812	0.071
LDL-C (mmol/L)	Mean±SD	1.13±0.50	1.03±0.39	2.280	0.023
Hg (g/L)	Mean±SD	125.86±8.20	121.87±9.18	4.534	0.000

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CAD, coronary artery disease; HF, heart failure; AF, atrial fibrillation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; ACEI, Angiote nsin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BP, blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triacylglycerol; HDL-C, High density Lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol.

Patients in the SLC group showed a 55% decrease in their PHQ9 score (pre: 5.16 ± 5.53 vs post: 2.32 ± 2.87), while those in the control group showed a 39% decrease (pre: 2.61 ± 2.98 vs post: 1.59 ± 2.06). Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant main effects of group and time (F = 23.09, P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.049; and F = 168.03, P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.067, respectively), and group-by-time interaction (F = 37.62, P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.016).

An improvement of 6.6% in the 6MWT was observed in the SLC intervention group (pre: 650.48 ± 74.70 m vs post: 693.69 ± 81.78 m), while the control group improved by 1.4% (pre: 495.61 ± 72.76 m vs post: 502.57 ± 86.73 m). ANOVA revealed significant main effects of group and time (F = 514.032, P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.545; and F = 98.456, P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.025, respectively), and group-by-time interaction (F = 51.438, P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.013).

Analysis of the results also found that both SLC and control groups showed significantly improved peak VO2 (P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.013), peak Mets (P = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.0.01), and VO2@AT (p = 0.000, η2p = 0.25). However, no significant differences were found between the two groups.

In the SLC intervention group, 72.5% of patients adhered to at least 75% of the exercise-based CR sessions, compared to 40.41% in the control group (p = 0.000). The mean completion rate for exercise sessions in the intervention group was 28.95 ± 5.30 compared to 20.38 ± 8.31 in the control group (p = 0.000) (Table 2). Logistic regression analysis showed the SLC group had significantly better adherence compared with the control group (OR 27.385, 95% CI [10.2–73.6]; p = 0.000).

Table 2

Adherence and Completion Rate Between Groups

Variable	Categories	SLC Group (200) N (%)	Control Group (193) N (%)	χ2 or t	p
Adherence	More than 75% of sessions	145 (72.5%)	78 (40.41%)	41.195	0.000
	Less than 75% of sessions	55 (27.5%)	115 (59.59%)
Completion rates	Percent (%)	80.4%	56.6%	12.084	0.000

Discussion

This study found that the addition of SLC to a standard CR program improves exercise adherence and the number of patients who complete CR compared to a control group. Both the SLC and control groups showed statistically significant improvements in PHQ9 and exercise capacity at the end of CR. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of a novel intervention model on adherence and completion rates for CR in China. Several studies have reported different strategies for promoting adherence during CR, including self-monitoring, action planning, stress management, PE, telephone communication, small group interaction, early access to a cardiac clinic, and nurse practitioner-led CR.12 However, the risk of bias in these studies was relatively high. In the present study, 72.5% of patients in the SLC group attended more than 75% of the CR sessions. This rate was higher than that reported in recent studies. Furthermore, the completion rate was 80.4% for the SLC participants compared to previously reported completion rates of 13% to 39%.38,39 Moreover, patients who attend more than 25 sessions of the CR program are 19% less likely to die after five years compared to those who attend fewer sessions.40 The median completion rate of 80.4% observed in the present study with SLC patients was therefore an encouraging result.41

The results from this study show that both the SLC and control groups experienced clinical improvements in all of the outcome measures. These findings confirm the positive effects of exercise-based CR in helping patients to improve their cardiopulmonary fitness and psychological state. However, the completion rates were still not optimal, meaning that adherence to CR programs remains a critical challenge for enhancing exercise capacity in future interventions. In our study, patients who received the combination of SLC and CR showed a greater improvement in PHQ9 and 6MWT compared to those who participated only in the CR program (Table 3). Participants in the SLC program had significantly fewer symptoms and better exercise capacity post-program, confirming the importance of offering SLC as part of CR. These outcomes are consistent with a previous randomized controlled trial in which an exercise-focused smartphone app was effective at improving fitness levels (measured by Peak VO2) at a one-year follow-up.42 A Cochrane review also demonstrated the efficacy and safety of Web-based interventions, emphasizing the importance of factors such as multi-disciplinary team cooperation and educational visits.43 Lack of motivation, older age, living alone, low socioeconomic status, and lower educational level are known factors for low participation and high dropout rates in CR programs.12,38,39 Effective PE is associated with better psychological, physiological, and social health. Patients’ increased knowledge and awareness of CR can strengthen their motivation to participate, thus contributing to improved adherence. In the novel SLC model, PE is an important component that ensures the effectiveness and adherence of phase II CR.

Table 3

Within-Group Change and Comparison of Between-Group Differences for the Two Groups

Variables	Groups	Pre (Mean±SD)	Post (Mean±SD)	Mean Within-Group Differences	Mean Between-Group Differences	Significance (F, p, Effect Size)
						Group			Time			Group× Time
PHQ-9	SLC group	5.16±5.53	2.32±2.87	−2.84±3.68*	1.82±0.3*	24.09	0.000	0.049	168.03	0.000	0.067	37.62	0.000	0.016
	Control group	2.61±2.98	1.59±2.06	−1.02±1.91*
6MWT	SLC group	650.48±74.70	693.69±81.78	43.21±60.25	36.32±5.06	514.032	0.000	0.545	98.456	0.000	0.025	51.438	0.000	0.013
	Control group	495.61±72.76	502.57±86.73	6.96±36.59*
peakVO2	SLC group	13.8±4.65	15±4.26	1.8±3.5*	0.18±0.3	3.946	0.048	0.009	54.754	0.000	0.013	0.389	0.533	0.000
	Control group	13±4.82	14±5.38	1±2.2*
AT	SLC group	11.1±3.93	12.24±3.67	1.14±3.53*	−0.27±0.29	21.708	0.000	0.046	74.323	0.000	0.025	0.836	0.361	0.000
	Control group	12.7±4.03	14.11±4.24	1.4±2.11*

Note: *p<0.001.

In China, most patients have a strong desire to share their medical information with their health care provider. However, due to the lack of an interconnected working system and remote consultation platform, doctors cannot offer specialized consultation. Frequent and continuous reminders and communication play an important role in increasing patient adherence. It may be possible to strengthen the relationship between the patient and professional staff by adding telephone contact during the CR program. With this approach, patients would submit their daily food consumption, medicine intake, and exercise data and then receive a reminder phone call from select nurses who record any issues and problem-solve adherence. Previous studies have reported the effect of regular reminders on patient adherence to various preventive and management strategies.44 De Leon et al also described the positive results on behavioral changes over a short-term period.45 The WeChat app allows easy dissemination of information and is widely accepted by the public, especially the elderly population. A recent clinical trial found that the WeChat app could improve quality of life and lung function and contribute to better adherence.46 In the current study, SLC participants could share their health information, express their own experiences, encourage each other, and gain access to many medical and health care services.47 If these patients experience an emergency condition such as AMI or acute heart failure, convenient hospital access helps reduce their waiting time and guarantees timely treatment. Meanwhile, uploading the ECG or laboratory examination results and sharing medical records helps the medical staff make a rapid pre-hospital diagnosis. Consequently, the novel SLC model has significantly positive effects on clinical status and exercise adherence.

Patients with CHD usually have psychological issues such as stress, anxiety, helplessness, and feeling out of control.48 Uncertainty about their disease increases the fear of death in elderly CHD patients, primarily due to the lack of self-control.49 Access to multimedia education can improve the self-control felt by elderly people. The SLC group’s interactive model provides the guidance and freedom to satisfy patient needs in this regard.

Most eligible patients tend to become sedentary by one year after discharge. The reasons for this include insufficient educational resources, traffic difficulties, and psychological issues.50 Inadequate physical activity contributes to the prevalence of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, depression, and cognitive decline, accounting for 1.9 million deaths worldwide each year.51 Walking is a common, accessible, low-risk, and easily accepted form of exercise by older adults. It has been shown to prevent chronic health conditions, improve physical and mental health, and reduce stress and negative emotions.52,53 Group walks allow participants to enjoy this activity even more, to engage in it more frequently, and to benefit from the social interaction that it affords in outdoor locations.54 The medical practitioners played a pivotal role in the successful delivery of this activity, providing both support and encouragement through interpretation and accompaniment.

Another core component of SLC is entertainment activities. Theatrical performances involving live interactions between patients and health providers provide a humanized and comfortable environment. This contrasts with the passive receiving of treatment and may lead to increased adherence. Moreover, different modalities of artistic performance can bring a range of psychological and health-related benefits. For example, choral singing may provide mental and emotional benefits, while listening to music can bring a sense of relaxation and wellbeing.55,56 Furthermore, the participation of health providers, including professors, doctors, nurses, and therapists, can increase social contact, reduce social isolation, and strengthen the confidence of participants.

The binary logistic regression analysis found that participation in SLC was significantly associated with good adherence to the CR program. The results of this study indicate that SLC has advantages in education, behavior, and psychological domains that may generally be applicable to increase adherence and completion rates in CR. The positive results obtained here provide more evidence of the benefits of SLC intervention and confirm the feasibility of this model in the CR program.

Limitation

As this was a retrospective study, some confounding factors were difficult to avoid. Moreover, we were unable to obtain some clinically important covariates with the database available for this research. Secondly, the sample size was limited and further prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm the utility of this novel model in routine clinical practice.

Conclusion

This Chinese study shows that SLC results in better adherence and completion rates in the phase II CR program. In turn, this could improve the exercise capacity and psychological state of patients.