Current management of renal colic across Europe and its compliance to the European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urolithiasis: a survey from the European Section of Uro-technology, European Section of Urolithiasis, Young Academic Urologists study groups.

Introduction: Renal colic due to ureteral stones represents the primary acute condition in urology. Although guideline recommendations are available the institution, urologist, and patient preferences in diagnosis and treatment may differ. We aimed to evaluate the adherence of different European countries to the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines of urolithiasis and demonstrate trends in diagnostic and treatment approaches. Material and methods: We used a survey including 33 questions clustered in four sections. The survey was circulated to the representatives of the main urological centers in Europe using the European Section of Uro-technology (ESUT), the European Section of Urolithiasis (EULIS), the Young Academic Urologists (YAU), and the European Urology Residents Education Programme (EUREP) mailing lists. The first section included participant and institution demographics, the second assessed the common diagnostic and treatment pathways, the third discussed the advantages and disadvantages of treatment strategies and the fourth investigated treatment preferences in different clinical scenarios. A descriptive analysis was performed.
Results: Of all participants, 84.21% stated that their departments follow specific guidelines, with no significant differences between institutions (p = 0.18). Preferred treatment practice difference in the case scenarios was significantly influenced by the Department bed capacities (p = 0.01), and complications varied between institutions (p = 0.02). Interestingly, 37-45% of participants were unaware of the different treatment costs. Conclusions: Although urologists generally decide according to local or international guidelines when approaching renal colic patients, there are deviations in clinical practice due to 'doctor preference' and 'bed availability'. Many urologists are unaware of treatment costs. Copyright by Polish Urological Association.

INTRODUCTION

Urolithiasis is a clinical condition showing increasing trends [1, 2]. Acute renal colic is an emergency requiring immediate pain management. Patients admitted to the hospital with an acute, noninfected episode of urolithiasis may undergo medical expulsive therapy (MET), ureteral stent placement, or upfront ureteroscopy (URS). The implementation of these therapeutic approaches is likely to be dictated by their availability [3-6].

Appropriate treatment and follow-up should be tailored, considering stone stratification, patient preference, surgeon experience and availability of minimally invasive treatment options. Additional factors influencing treatment decisions include Institution or Department treatment policies, bed availability, surgeon preference, insurance and financial issues, and different functions of European Health Systems. New technologies offer various diagnostics and therapies but display a financial burden on healthcare systems. Clinical practice guidelines are essential to implement evidence-based medicine and assure a standard of care considering limited resources. The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines provide urologists a tool for optimizing patient care and decision-making. Other urological societies have also provided guidelines to help urologists make therapeutic choices [1, 7]. However, these recommendations may be heterogeneous due to various development methods [8]. Surveys from different European countries have demonstrated significant differences regarding diagnostic and treatment strategies. Urologists working in university hospitals are more inclined to adopt guidelines compared to those who practice in non-academic centers [9, 10, 11]. The aim of this study is to control the adherence of European countries to the EAU guidelines of urolithiasis and demonstrate different trends in diagnostic and treatment approach in a European level.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A questionnaire was prepared after the available evidence on renal colic was reviewed (TT, SG). A larger panel of experts (TT, SG, BKS, ASG, KS, and UN) convened and discussed essential aspects of renal colic based on available evidence and personal experience and revised the questionnaire which included 33 questions clustered in four main sections (supplementary material). The first section included participant and institution demographics. The second assessed common diagnostic and treatment pathways applied in renal colic patients. The third discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different treatment strategies. Finally, the fourth section aimed to investigate the participants’ treatment preference in different clinical scenarios. The survey was circulated primarily to urinary stone disease experts of the European Section of Uro-technology (ESUT) and the European Section of Urolithiasis (EULIS) working groups. It was then shared using the Survey Monkey platform (Palo Alto, CA, USA) to all representatives of the main European urological centers using the ESUT, the EULIS, the Young Academic Urologists (YAU), and the European Urology Residents Education Program (EUREP) mailing lists. An invitation e-mail was sent on September 09, 2020, and responses were recorded until December 08, 2020. Care was taken to include only one urologist from each institution. The authors collected the results on a spreadsheet and analyzed them using the Windows Excel software. Only complete questionnaires were included in the analysis.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables were presented as percentages. In the case of small proportions, the actual number was also presented. Descriptive information and percentages were based on available data. Statistical significance between continuous variables was determined using the Student’s t test. The Mann–Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for non-parametric data. Pearson’s Chi-square analysis was performed to test for differences in proportions of categorical variables between two or more groups. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 23.0. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Demographics

A total of 209 recipients from 47 countries completed the survey (Figure 1, Table 1).

Figure 1

Participants.

Table 1

Demographic data of the survey participants

	N	%
Gender Male Female	18029	86.12%13.88%
Ιnstitution University Hospital Government Based Research and Training Hospital Private Hospital Governmental Hospital (State Hospital) Military Hospital Other	13623453651	65.07%11.00%21.53%17.22%2.39%0.48%
Department area of interest (more than one option is possible) General Urology Endo-urology Oncology Pediatric Urology Laparascopic/Robotics Female/Incontinence Reconstructive Urology Andrology/Men’s’ Health	1201571032287273139	57.42%75.12%49.28%10.53%41.63%12.92%14.83%18.66%

N – number of survey participants; % – percentage of participants

Different diagnostic approaches for renal colic patients

Regarding use of specific guidelines in colic patient diagnosis and treatment, with more than one option being allowed, 84.21% responded ‘Yes, the EAU guidelines’, 22.01% ‘According to surgeon preference’, 18.18% ‘Yes, national guidelines’, and 6.70% followed no guidelines at all. The subgroup analysis according to different institutions, showed no significant difference (p = 0.26, Table 2). Regarding preferred imaging pathway, 30.14% chose kidney/bladder ultrasound + non-contrast computer tomography (NCCT), 29.67% only NCCT, 15.31% X ray-kidney ureter bladder (KUB) + kidney/bladder ultrasound and 11.48% X ray-KUB + kidney/bladder ultrasound + NCCT. Only 6.70% and 3.35% chose the option of kidney/bladder ultrasound and x ray-KUB only respectively (Table 3).

Table 2

Responses according to different types of institutions

	University Hospital n = 130 (%)	Governmental (State) Hospital n = 30 (%)	Government Based Research and Training Hospitaln = 21 (%)	Private Hospital n = 23 (%)	Military Hospital (%)n = 5	p
Age (mean ±SD)	38.4 ±9.2	40.7 ±11.5	40.1 ±8.8	43.68 ±10.3	44.4 ±16.6	0.18+
Clinical practice according to: EAU guidelines National guidelines Surgeon preference Institution/department regulations	78 (60)22 (16.9)25 (19.2)5 (3.8)	16 (53.3)2 (6.7)7 (23.3)5 (16.7)	12 (57.1)4 (19)5 (23.8)0	11 (47.8)5 (21.7)4 (13)3 (17.4)	4 (80)1 (20)	0.26*
Main complications of active renal colic treatment Sepsis Acute Kidney Injury Urinoma Ureteral injury / stenosis	91 (70)31 (23.8)1 (0.8)7 (5.4)	16 (53.3)9 (30)05 (16.7)	10 (47.6)8 (38.1)03 (14.3)	9 (39.1)10 (43.5)3 (13)1 (4.3)	3 (60)1 (20)01 (20)	0.02*
General questions
What type of SWL service does your department offer?					0.38*
MET as a standard treatment					0.2*
Type of anesthesia for DJ stent insertion					0.28*
Duration of DJ stent placement after URS					0.14*
Main benefits of a primary URS stone treatment,					0.52*

EAU – European Association of Urology; SWL – shock wave lithotripsy; MET – medical expulsive therapy; DJ – double J stent; URS – ureteroscopy;

Kruskal Wallis;

Pearson Chi-square test

Table 3

Summary of survey results

Department bed capacity <20 beds 20–40 beds >40 beds	4711151	22.49%53.11%24.40%
Offered types of stone treatment SWL sURS fURS PCNL	136189173171	65.07%90.43%82.78%81.82%
Type of SWL service We have a fixed-site SWL machine We have access to a mobile SWL machine We refer patients to another hospital for SWL We do not offer SWL	128132345	61.24%6.22%11.00%21.53%
SWL performed by… Trained Urologist Resident Technician	1246981	59.33%33.01%38.76%
In the primary setting renal colic patients are treated by… GP Private urologist Hospital urologist	6823118	32.54%11.00%56.46%
Number of renal colic patients treated per day <5 5–10 10–20 >20	8994188	42.58%44.98%8.61%3.83%
Urolithiasis patients treated per week 0–5 5–10 10–15 15–20 >20	3158522840	14.83%27.75%24.88%13.40%19.14%
Diagnostic imaging strategy for renal colic in the acute setting Xray – KUB Kidney / Bladder Ultrasound Kidney / Bladder Ultrasound + NCCT Xray – KUB + Kidney / Bladder Ultrasound NCCT Xray-KUB + NCCT Xray-KUB + Kidney / Bladder Ultrasound + NCCT	714633262724	3.35%6.70%30.14%15.31%29.67%3.35%11.48%
Specific guidelines applied in colic patient diagnosis and treatment (more than one option is possible) Yes, EAU guidelines Yes, National guidelines According to surgeon preference No, we follow our institution / department regulations	176384614	84.21%18.18%22.01%6.70%
Use of MET Yes, always No, we never use it Doctor preference	1151282	55.02%5.74%39.23%
Admission of renal colic patients Yes always, except when patients refuse it Yes, if there are free beds Patient preference Urologist preference No, only when there is an absolute indication(resistant pain, sepsis, renal insufficiency)	3411325136	16.27%5.26%1.44%11.96%65.07%
Reasons for renal colic patient admission (more than one option is possible) We always have beds for them It is a standard treatment, according to my Institution/department regulations Our goal is to manage the colic and if stone diagnosedto treat it at the same time Financial reasons / Insurance issues They cannot be treated elsewhere	10191845	22.22%42.22%40.00%8.89%11.11%
Most common treatment strategy in case of patient admission Conservative treatment until patient symptom-free,if no relief offer minimally invasive management Conservative treatment until a spontaneous stonepassage 1–2 days conservative treatment, if no spontaneousstone passage then offer minimally invasivemanagement Direct minimally invasive management (emergency URSor SWL) According to doctor preference According to patient preference	7335617175	42.69%1.75%32.75%9.94%9.94%2.92%
Common minimally invasive management strategy of renal colic for a ureteral stone Primary SWL Insertion of DJ stent with the intention to push stonein the kidney and planning of secondary treatment with SWL Insertion of DJ stent and planning of secondarytreatment with sURS or fURS Primary sURS under general anesthesia. If failure DJinsertion and planning of secondary treatment Surgeon preference Patient preference	2176557192	12.28%4.09%38.01%33.33%11.11%1.17%
Encountered complications in active renal colic treatment Sepsis Acute Kidney Injury Urinoma Ureteral injury / stenosis	12959417	61.72%28.23%1.91%8.13%
Type of applied anesthesia for DJ stent insertion General anesthesia Sedation Regional/Spinal anesthesia Local anesthesia By men always general anesthesia, by women localanesthesia Patient preference Doctor preference	896951311289	52.05%40.35%29.82%18.13%7.02%4.68%5.26%
Reasons for avoiding admission of renal colic patients Not enough beds Admission is not a standard treatment, according to myInstitution / department regulations The goal is for the stone to be treated in a secondsession/admission Financial reasons	62903513	36.26%52.63%20.47%7.60%
Follow up of patients during the whole treatment Yes, always Yes, but only if we can offer the treatment needed (SWL, fURS, PCNL) otherwise patients are admitted elsewhere No, we just treat the acute problem Surgeon preference Patient preference	125241057	73.10%14.04%5.85%2.92%4.09%
Length of DJ stent placement after URS <1 week 1–2 weeks 2–4 weeks >4weeks If patient pre-stented and/or uncomplicated URS,one day If patient pre-stented and/or uncomplicated URS,no stent Surgeon preference	23756516183311	13.45%43.86%38.01%9.36%10.53%19.30%6.43%
Benefits of a primary URS in stone treatment Colic and stone are treated in one session Need to decrease future general anesthesia Less patient discomfort/stress Less administrative/secretary work (planningof appointments etc.) No benefits No opinion Financial benefits /insurance issues (please explain)	149438636565	87.13%25.15%50.29%21.05%2.92%3.51%2.92%
Drawbacks of a primary URS stone treatment Needs more surgeon experience Very often unsuccessful, patients undergo a secondtreatment anyway High complication rates An emergency operation plan often not accomplished No drawbacks No opinion Financial drawbacks / insurance issues (explain)	732827582875	42.69%16.37%15.79%33.92%16.37%4.09%2.92%

GP – general practitioner; SWL – shock wave lithotripsy; URS – ureteroscopy; sURS – semi-rigid ureterocopy; fURS – flexible ureteroscopy; PCNL – percutaneous nephrolithotripsy; KUB – kidney ureter bladder; NCCT – non-contrast computer tomography; MET – medical expulsive therapy; DJ– double-J stent

Different treatment strategies followed

Among responders, 55.02% always use MET in primary treatment, 39.23% of institutions depend on doctor preference and 5.74% of responders avoid using it. Regarding patient admission, 65.07% only admit patients in case of an absolute indication (resistant pain, sepsis, renal insufficiency), 16.27% always admit patients except when they refuse, 11.96% depend on doctor preference, and 5.26% and 1.44% depend on bed availability, and patient preference (Table 3).

Regarding primary double-J (DJ) stent insertion (with more than one possible option), 52.05% of responders place it under general anesthesia, 40.35% under sedation, 29.82% under regional/spinal, and 18.13% under local anesthesia. Regarding stent placement after URS (with more than one possible answer), 43.86%, 38.01%, 13.45% and 9.36% leave a DJ stent in place for 1–2, 2–4, <1, and >4 weeks respectively. In case of pre-stented patients and an uncomplicated URS 10.53% leave the stent in place only for one day, and 19.30% do not place a stent at all. Finally, only in 6.43% of the cases the chosen strategy depends on the surgeon preference (Table 3).

Advantages and disadvantages of different treatment choices

Among responders, 61.72%, 28.23%, 8.13%, and 1.91% highlighted urosepsis, acute kidney injury, ureteral injury with consecutive stenosis, and urinoma respectively as the most common complication of active stone treatment. Responses differed significantly between institutions (p = 0.02, Table 2) with sepsis (70%) being common in the university hospital group, acute kidney injury, and urinoma in the private hospital group (43.5% and 13%, respectively), and ureteral injury/stenosis in the military hospital (20%).

Participants highlighted the simultaneous treatment of renal colic and the ureteral stone (87.13%), the reduced patient stress and discomfort (50.29%), the minimized need for a second general anesthesia (25.15%), and the reduced secretary/administrative work (21.05%) as the main benefits of primary URS. Nevertheless, 42.69% suggest that a primary URS demands surgeon experience and 33.92% think that an emergency operation plan can rarely be accomplished. Furthermore, 16.37% highlight the common need of a second operative treatment due to an unsuccessful primary URS, and 15.79% due to its high complication rates (Table 3). Interestingly, 37–45% of participants were unaware of the different treatment costs in their department (Figure 2).

Figure 2

The average cost of the intervention per patient.

SWL – shock wave lithotripsy

Clinical scenarios (Table 4)

Distal stones

In the case of renal colic for 1–2 days due to a stone with diameter <4 mm and no absolute treatment indication, 79.41% would choose a conservative outpatient treatment and follow-up until treatment or spontaneous stone passage. Conservative treatment was preferred in 76.5%, 73.8%, and 57.4% in Departments with >40, 20–40, and <20 beds respectively (p = 0.03; Table 4). In the case of renal colic for one week due to a stone with >4 mm and no absolute treatment indication, 42.35% would choose a conservative outpatient treatment and patient follow-up until treatment/ stone passage. In 24.71%, responders initially avoid, but would plan a patient admission and minimally invasive management in the following week (Table 4). Respondents chose conservative treatment options at a rate of 33.3%, 43.1%, and 36.1% in Departments with >40, 20–40, and <20 beds respectively (p = 0.01, Table 4).

Table 4

Treatment preference according to different clinical scenarios

	n	%	P type of SWL service	P bed capacity <20, 20–40, >40	P institution
Renal colic for 1–2 days, distal ureter stone with diameter <4 mm. No absolute indications for acute treatment
Conservative outpatient treatment, no follow-up	14	8.24	0.94	0.03	0.38
Conservative outpatient treatment, follow-up until active treatment/ stone passage	135	79.41
Admission, conservative treatment for 1–2 days, MIM if symptoms persist. If symptoms subside then no management	18	10.59
Admission and MIM on the same day	1	0.59
Planning of patient admission and MIM on the following week	2	1.18
Renal colic for 1-week, distal ureter stone with diameter >4 mm. No absolute indications for acute treatment
Conservative outpatient treatment, no follow-up	11	6.47	0.19	0.01	0.39
Conservative outpatient treatment, follow-up until active treatment/ stone passage	72	42.35
Planning of patient admission and MIM on the following week	42	24.71
Admission, conservative treatment for 24hrs, MIM if symptoms persist. If symptoms subside then no management	27	15.88
Admission and MIM on the same day	18	10.59
Renal colic for 1-day, proximal ureter stone with diameter <4 mm. No absolute indications for acute treatment
Conservative outpatient treatment, no follow-up	16	9.47	0.83	0.08	0.41
Conservative outpatient treatment, follow-up until active treatment/ stone passage	130	76.92
Planning of admission and MIM on the following week	5	2.96
Admission, conservative treatment for 24hrsMIM if symptoms persist. If symptoms subside then no management	18	10.65
Admission and MIM on the same day	0	0.00
Renal colic since 1-day, proximal ureter stone with diameter >4 mm. No absolute indications for acute treatment
Conservative outpatient treatment, no follow-up	8	4.73	0.37	<0.001	0.81
Conservative outpatient treatment, follow-up until treatment/ stone passage	74	43,79
Planning of patient admission and MIM on the following week	42	24,85
Admission, conservative treatment for 24hrs, MIM if symptoms persist. If symptoms subside then no management	31	18,34
Admission and MIM on the same day	14	8,28
Renal colic since 1-day, ureter stone with diameter <4 mm. Additional ipsilateral kidney stone/s. Kidney obstruction. No absolute indications for acute treatment
Conservative outpatient treatment, no follow-up	11	6.43	0.69	0.05	0.43
Conservative outpatient treatment, follow-up until active treatment/ stone passage	54	31.58
Planning of patient admission and MIM on the following week (preferably also treating the kidney stone)	32	18.71
Admission, conservative treatment for 24hrs, then MIM if symptoms persist (preferably also treating the kidney stone). If symptoms subside then no management	12	7.02
Stent insertion on the same day then second treatment according to stone size and location	43	25.15
Admission and MIM on the same day according to stone size and location (preferably also treating the kidney stone)	15	8.77

MIM – minimally invasive management

Proximal stones

In the case of renal colic for 1–2 days due to a stone with diameter <4 mm and no absolute treatment indication, 76.92% would choose a conservative outpatient treatment and patient follow-up until treatment/ stone passage. Conservative treatment was preferred in 39.2%, 30.6%, and 22.4% in Departments with >40, 20–40, and <20 beds respectively (p = 0.08, Table 4). In the case of a renal colic for 1 day due to a stone with diameter >4mm and no absolute treatment indication, 43.79% would still prefer a conservative outpatient treatment and patient follow-up until treatment/ stone passage. In 24.85%, responders would initially avoid, but plan a patient admission and minimally invasive management in the following week, while in 18.34% the patients are admitted and follow a conservative treatment for 24 hours to undergo a minimally invasive treatment in case of conservative treatment failure. Conservative treatment was chosen at a rate of 35.3%, 42.3%, and 36.2% in Departments with >40, 20–40, and <20 beds respectively (p <0.001, Table 4).

Ureteral and ipsilateral kidney stones

In case of renal colic for 1 day due to a ureteral stone of diameter <4 mm, kidney obstruction, ipsilateral stone/s, and no absolute treatment indication, 31.58% would still prefer a conservative outpatient treatment and patient follow-up until treatment/ stone passage. Another 25.15% would perform a DJ stent insertion on the same day and plan a second treatment according to stone size and location. Another 18.71% would avoid stent placement or primary treatment but plan a primary minimally invasive treatment during the following week, while 8.77% would proceed to a minimally invasive treatment at the same day. In case of minimally invasive treatment, 38.01% of respondents prefer insertion of DJ stent and planning of secondary treatment with semi-rigid ureteroscopy (sURS) or flexible ureteroscopy (fURS), 33.33% prefer primary sURS under general anesthesia, 12.28% primary shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) and 4.09% DJ stent placement with the intention to push the stone in the kidney (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

The increasing incidence of kidney stone disease, along with the need for instant pain relief and technology developments necessitate the use of diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for optimizing patient care. The role of the EAU Urolithiasis Guideline Panel is to provide such a tool on an annual basis [12]. Nonetheless, there are different approaches in diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment decisions in the everyday clinical practice [8-11]. The survey demonstrated that more than 80% of urologists depend on local or international guidelines when approaching renal colic patients. However, despite their close adherence to the EAU guidelines, participant responses in different case scenarios became heterogeneous due to ‘doctor preference’ and ‘bed availability’ parameters. Preferred treatment practices in different case scenarios were also significantly affected by the number of hospital beds.

According to more than 70% of responders, NCCT was the imaging of choice, with or without combination with x-ray or ultrasound. This finding is in line with the EAU Guidelines recommendations [1] and reflects the wide acceptance of this imaging tool despite its higher costs and, in many cases, higher radiation exposure. Furthermore, most responders that do not initially use NCCT, usually recommend it when planning any type of active treatment. This delay of NCCT has been demonstrated in different emergency departments and observational studies and is due to radiation exposure and cost concerns [13].

Around 65% of the survey participants admit renal colic patients only in case of absolute indications (resistant pain, sepsis, renal insufficiency) and only 16% admit all patients. This result reflects the common knowledge that spontaneous stone passage occurs in 60–90% [14, 15, 16]. Additionally, approximately 93% of responders use MET as it is believed that it facilitates spontaneous stone passage. The main complications faced differ between institutions, with sepsis being higher in the university hospital group (70%), while acute kidney injury and urinoma (43.5% and 13%, respectively) being prominent in non-university institutions (p = 0.02). Further studies are needed to confirm this information with real-life data. Additionally, there is limited information on hospital admission and active treatment rates with reported admission rates ranging from 2% to 13% [17, 18], but it has been shown that the index admission/intervention rate can be seven times different [19]. Among responders, only 10% suggested a direct, minimally invasive treatment (emergency URS or SWL), while most believe that the main benefits of primary URS stone treatment are the treatment of both colic and stone in one session and the decreased patient discomfort/stress. Innes et al. reported that an early interventional approach was associated with higher revisit, hospitalization, and intervention rate [19].

Regarding the first choice of preferred minimally invasive treatment, 70% of responders chose URS either in the primary setting or after inserting a DJ stent, and only 12% offer an SWL in the acute setting, although the survey was conducted amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This challenges the suggestion that SWL requires fewer healthcare resources than URS over a 3-month period in the acute ureteral stone management, which also conserves personal protection equipment and reduces the risk of infectious transmission [20]. Interestingly, perhaps due to this current risk of COVID-19 transmission, almost 50% of the participants do not prefer general anesthesia when placing a ureteral stent. Additionally, the majority leave a DJ stent after URS even if patients are pre-stented and/or the intervention is uncomplicated, and around 80% always leave DJ stent for 1–4 weeks despite suggestions for a stent-less procedure [21-24]. Finally, for ureteral stones with a diameter of <4 mm irrespective of stone location, conservative outpatient treatment and patient follow-up until treatment/stone passage is the first choice, while for stones with diameter >4 mm patient admission and primary intervention rates increase. In case of renal colic due to a ureteral stone and the additional ipsilateral kidney stone, the preference of urologists varies, with conservative outpatient follow-up, patient admission and minimally invasive management of both stones, and stent insertion with second treatment according to stone size and location being possible treatment options.

Knowledge of different treatment costs is essential in the decision-making process [25]. Responses showed variation of costs between countries and departments. Interestingly, it could be demonstrated that most of the urologists are unaware about the exact costs of different treatment modalities. This fact could also reflect the preference of participants in URS despite its higher costs. In endourology, where the industry is involved, increasing the awareness of urologists in cost analysis of treatments would also affect treatment decisions. While our study yielded valuable results, limitations inherent in survey-based studies apply not being representative of the ‘whole’ population, such as being answered only by those interested in the subject, guided by countries with a high number of responses. However, the authors believe that it helps the urological community to draw real-world patterns of adherence to the EAU guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS

Although urologists try to make decisions according to local or international guidelines when approaching renal colic patients, there are deviations in clinical practice due to ‘doctor preference’ and ‘bed availability’. Imaging with non-contrast enhanced computed tomography (NCCT) plays the major role in patient diagnosis and treatment planning. Urologists, usually, only admit patients when they suffer from complications or by uncontrollable pain, and only one third of them follow a direct minimally invasive treatment (URS or SWL). In the case of emergency treatment, URS either in the primary setting or after inserting a DJ stent is usually the first choice. SWL is less preferred than expected although it is less costly, bares minimal infection risks and could be offered in times of pandemic conditions. It seems that most urologists are unaware about treatment costs.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

All authors have made substantial contributions to the material submitted for publication; all have read and approved the final manuscript.