Dongbin Lyu1,2, Fan Wang1,2, Mengke Zhang1,2, Weichieh Yang1,2, Haijing Huang1,2, Qinte Huang1,2, Chenglin Wu1,2, Nuoshi Qian1,2, Meiti Wang1,2, Huanfei Zhang3, Sichai Zheng4, Jing Chen1,2, Yingmei Fu1,2, Chen Zhang1,2, Zezhi Li5,6, Wu Hong7,8. 1. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 2. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China. 3. Department of Anesthesiology, The Longgang People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China. 4. Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China. 5. Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. biolpsychiatry@126.com. 6. Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China. biolpsychiatry@126.com. 7. Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. drhongwu@126.com. 8. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China. drhongwu@126.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sub-anesthetic ketamine has rapid-onset effects for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanism underlying ketamine's antidepressant properties remains unclear. Recent studies have reported an interrelationship between autophagy and the inflammasome, both of which are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. In this study, we assess whether ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects via an association with the autophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. METHODS: We established a depressive-like rat model by treating Wistar Kyoto rats with chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 28 days. Microglial cells from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS: We found sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment reversed depressive-like behavior in CRS rats. Ketamine triggered autophagy in the microglia of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and (hippocampus) HPC, with increased levels of LC3B, decreased levels of p62 protein, and elevated autophagosomes both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was also inhibited by ketamine, with reduced expression of NLRP3-ASC-CASP1 assembly and decreased IL-1β levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as in the serum. Increased BDNF levels and synaptophysin levels were detected in the ketamine-treated group. The rapid anti-depressive effects, elevation of autophagy, reduction in NLRP3, and neuroplasticity-related factors induced by ketamine could be significantly blocked by the autophagy inhibitor Baf A1 (0.1 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine exert their antidepressant-like effects by inhibiting inflammation and initiating neuroprotection via autophagy activation. These data might help expand future investigations on the antidepressant properties of ketamine.
BACKGROUND: Sub-anesthetic ketamine has rapid-onset effects for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanism underlying ketamine's antidepressant properties remains unclear. Recent studies have reported an interrelationship between autophagy and the inflammasome, both of which are involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. In this study, we assess whether ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects via an association with the autophagy-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. METHODS: We established a depressive-like rat model by treating Wistar Kyoto rats with chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 28 days. Microglial cells from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were used for in vitro experiments. RESULTS: We found sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment reversed depressive-like behavior in CRS rats. Ketamine triggered autophagy in the microglia of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and (hippocampus) HPC, with increased levels of LC3B, decreased levels of p62 protein, and elevated autophagosomes both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome activation was also inhibited by ketamine, with reduced expression of NLRP3-ASC-CASP1 assembly and decreased IL-1β levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as in the serum. Increased BDNF levels and synaptophysin levels were detected in the ketamine-treated group. The rapid anti-depressive effects, elevation of autophagy, reduction in NLRP3, and neuroplasticity-related factors induced by ketamine could be significantly blocked by the autophagy inhibitor Baf A1 (0.1 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine exert their antidepressant-like effects by inhibiting inflammation and initiating neuroprotection via autophagy activation. These data might help expand future investigations on the antidepressant properties of ketamine.
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