| Literature DB >> 35899442 |
Jia Liu1, Yuequan Shi1, Xiaoyan Liu1, Dongming Zhang1, Yu Bai2, Yan Xu1, Mengzhao Wang1.
Abstract
Adenosine is a metabolite produced abundantly in the tumor microenvironment, dampening immune response in inflamed tissues via adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) which is widely expressed on immune cells, inhibiting anti-tumor immune response accordingly. Therefore, blocking adenosine signaling pathway is of potential to promote anti-tumor immunity. This review briefly introduces adenosine signaling pathway, describes its role in regulating tumor immunity and highlights A2AR blockade in cancer therapy. Prospective anti-tumor activity of adenosine/A2AR inhibition has been revealed by preclinical data, and a number of clinical trials of A2AR antagonists are under way. Primary results from clinical trials suggest that A2AR antagonists are well tolerated in cancer patients and are effective both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapies. In the future, finding predictive biomarkers are critical to identify patients most likely to benefit from adenosine pathway blockade, and further researches are needed to rationally combine A2AR antagonists with other anti-tumor therapies. .Entities:
Keywords: A2AR antagonist; Adenosine; Adenosine receptor; Tumor microenvironment
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35899442 PMCID: PMC9346148 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2022.102.24
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
图 1腺苷代谢通路。腺苷的前体ATP可由细胞裂解/死亡、胞吐、通道释放或转运体等多种方式释放到细胞外。ATP经CD39酶解生成AMP,AMP经CD73生成腺苷,这是腺苷生成的经典途径。此外,NAD+也可作为底物,在CD38和CD203a作用下生成AMP进而生成腺苷。细胞外腺苷可作用于四种受体(A1R、A2AR、A2BR、A3R)发挥作用,或被ADA代谢生成肌苷,或被核苷转运体转运至胞内。在细胞内,腺苷和AMP、AMP和ATP可在酶的作用下相互转化。在腺苷的四种受体中,A1R和A3R抑制AC,下调cAMP,而A2AR和A2BR激活AC,上调cAMP,cAMP在免疫调节中发挥重要作用。ATP:三磷酸腺苷;AMP:一磷酸腺苷;ADO:腺苷;NAD+:烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸;ADA:腺苷脱氨酶;ADK:腺苷激酶;AC: 腺苷酸环化酶;cAMP:环磷酸腺苷。
Adenosine metabolic pathway. ATP, the precursor of ADO, can be released into extracellular space by cell lysis/death, exocytosis, channels or transporters. Sequential hydrolysis of ATP to AMP by CD39 and AMP to ADO by CD73 is the canonical pathway to produce extracellular ADO. In addition, NAD+ can also act as a substrate to generate AMP and thus adenosine by CD38 and CD203a. Extracellular ADO can act on four receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R), or be metabolized by ADA to generate inosine or transported into cells by nucleoside transporters. In the intracellular space, ADO and AMP, AMP and ATP can be converted to each other by enzymes. Among the four adenosine receptors, A1R and A3R inhibit AC and down-regulate cAMP while A2AR and A2BR activate AC and up-regulate cAMP, which play an important role in immune regulation. ATP: adenosine triphosphate; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; ADO: adenosine; NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ADA: adenosine deaminase; ADK: adenosine kinase; AC: adenylate cyclase; cAMP: cyclic adenosine phosphate.
A2AR拮抗剂临床试验概览
Clinical trials related to A2AR antagonists
| Drugs | Company | ClinicalTrials.gov Number | Study phase | Combination | Cancer type | Results | Ref |
| *: A2AR & A2BR antagonist. RCC: renal cell cancer; mCRPC: metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; TNBC: triple-negative breast cancer; TIGIT: T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains; ORR: objective response rate; PD-1: programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1. | |||||||
| CPI-444 (Ciforadenant) | Corvus | NCT02655822 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Monotherapy or combined with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) | RCC mCRPC | ORR 3.0% (1/33)(monotherapy, RCC) ORR 11.4% (4/35)(combination, RCC) ORR 6.4% (3/47)(mCRPC) | [ |
| NCT04280328 | ⅠB | Daratumumab (anti-CD38) | Relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma | ||||
| NCT03337698 | ⅠB/Ⅱ | Atezolizumab | NSCLC | ||||
| NCT03454451 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | CPI-006 (anti-CD73) | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| MK-3814A (Preladenant) | Merck | NCT03099161 | ⅠB/Ⅱ | Monotherapy or combine with pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) | Advanced solid tumor | ||
| AZD4635 | AstraZeneca | NCT02740985 | Ⅰ | Monotherapy or combined with Durvalumab (anti-PD-L1),Oleclumab (anti-CD73),chemotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ORR 6.1% (2/33) (monotherapy) ORR 16.2% (6/37)(combine with Durvalumab) | [ |
| NCT04089553 | Ⅱ | Durvalumab or Oleclumab | Prostate cancer | ||||
| NCT03980821 | Ⅰ | Monotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| NCT04495179 | Ⅱ | Durvalumab±chemotherapy | mCRPC | ||||
| NCT03381274 | ⅠB/Ⅱ | Oleclumab | NSCLC ( | ||||
| TT-10 | Tarus Therapeutics | NCT04969315 | Ⅰ/Ⅱ | Monotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ||
| AB928* (Etrumadenant) | Arcus Biosciences | NCT04892875 | ⅠB | Zimberelimab (anti-PD-1), chemoradiotherapy | Locally advanced head and neck cancers | ||
| NCT03719326 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Chemotherapy±IPI-549 (PI3K- | TNBC, ovarian cancer | ||||
| NCT03720678 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Chemotherapy | Gastrointestinal malignancies | ORR 9.1% ( | [ | ||
| NCT04660812 | ⅠB/Ⅱ | Zimberelimab+chemotherapy±Bevacizumab (anti-VEGF); Zimberelimab+AB680(CD73 inhibitor) | Metastatic colorectal cancer | ||||
| NCT03629756 | Ⅰ | Zimberelimab | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| NCT04262856 | Ⅱ | Zimberelimab+ Domvanalimab (anti-TIGIT) | NSCLC (PD-L1 positive) | ||||
| NCT03846310 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Chemotherapy, Pembrolizumab, Zimberelimab | NSCLC | ORR 42.9% (3/7) | [ | ||
| NCT04381832 | ⅠB/Ⅱ | Zimberelimab, AB680, chemotherapy | mCRPC | ||||
| NCT05024097 | Ⅱ | Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, Zimberelimab | Rectal cancer | ||||
| NCT05177770 | Ⅱ | SRF617 (anti-CD39)+ Zimberelimab | mCRPC | ||||
| NCT04791839 | Ⅱ | Zimberelimab+Domvanalimab | NSCLC | ||||
| NCT03821246 | Ⅱ | Atezolizumab | Prostate cancer (neoadjuvant) | ||||
| NCT03193190 | ⅠB/Ⅱ | Atezolizumab+chemotherapy | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | ||||
| NIR178/PBF-509 (Taminadenant) | Novartis | NCT03207867 | Ⅱ | PDR001 (anti-PD-1) | Advanced solid tumor; Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | ||
| NCT04237649 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | KAZ954 | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| NCT03549000 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | NZV930 (anti-CD73)±PDR001 | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| NCT03742349 | ⅠB | Spartalizumab (anti-PD-1)+ LAG525 (anti-LAG-3) | TNBC | ||||
| NCT04895748 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | DFF332 (Hif2α inhibitor)+ PDR001 | Renal cancer | ||||
| NCT02403193 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Monotherapy or combined with PDR001 | NSCLC | ORR 8.3%(2/24)(monotherapy) | [ | ||
| DZD2269 | Dizal | NCT04634344 | Ⅰ | Monotherapy | mCRPC | ||
| EOS100850 (Inupadenant) | iTeos | NCT03873883 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Monotherapy or combine with Pembrolizumab/chemotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ||
| NCT05117177 | Ⅰ | Monotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| NCT05060432 | Ⅰ/Ⅱ | EOS-448 (anti-TIGIT) | Advanced solid tumor | ||||
| CS3005 | CStone | NCT04233060 | Ⅰ | Monotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ||
| PBF-999 | Palobiofarma | NCT03786484 | Ⅰ/ⅠB | Monotherapy | Advanced solid tumor | ||
| INCB106385* | Incyte | NCT04580485 | Ⅰ | Monotherapy or combine with INCMGA00012 (anti-PD-1) | Advanced solid tumor | ||
| NCT04989387 | Ⅰ | INCA00186 (anti-CD73)±Retifanlimab (anti-PD-1) | Advanced solid tumor | ||||