A checklist of spiders of Nepal (Arachnida; Araneae).

Spiders (order Araneae) have a worldwide distribution. As of June 17, 2022, the World spider catalog, Version 23.0, enlists 50,188 species of spiders from throughout the world. Except for the open sea and air, spiders live in every ecological environment. They prefer densely vegetated environments and are the world's seventh most diverse group of creatures in terms of species diversity. The checklist of spiders of south Asia mentions 222 spider species from Nepal, grouped into 23 families. However, the official database of the Nepalese government only lists 175 species of Nepalese spiders. This checklist is a vital update to the diversity of the spider fauna of Nepal. The goal is to compile a thorough list of all the spiders found in Nepal. We have enlisted 386 different spider species from Nepal, belonging to 135 different genera and 34 different families, after reviewing previous scientific publications, computer databases of the Nepalese government, and the World spider catalog, Version 23.0. It adds a total of 211 new spiders to Nepal's biodiversity database. Linyphiidae and Salticidae spiders dominate accounting for 27.46 percent and 17.36 percent of total species, respectively, on the checklist. Corrections to previous misidentifications are also included in this checklist, as well as taxonomy revisions. Synonymous species are sorted out to avoid recurrence. The trends in Nepalese spider discovery and dispersion have also been studied.

Introduction

Spiders are found all over the planet and have mastered all natural situations, excluding the open sea and the air [1]. The World spider catalog, Version 23.0, has 50,188 species of spiders from all across the world as of June 17,2022 [2]. The amount of extant species of spiders has been estimated to be over 170,000 [3] although it could be much higher. Spiders are without a doubt the largest taxonomic group that is totally made up of predators. Part of their success can be attributed to their skill to colonize almost all terrestrial habitats, from marine intertidal zones [4]to high altitude areas, as evidenced by the champion Euophrys omnisuperstes [5] which can be found at 6700 m altitude in the Himalayas [6]. Spider study is growing, thanks to new taxonomic discoveries, neuronal properties of spider venom, and the versatility of spider silk.

Brignoli [7, 8, 9, 10], Wunderlich [11, 12, 13], Ono [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19], Zabka [20, 21, 22, 23], Bohdanowicz [24, 25], Thapa [26], and Buchar [27, 28, 29] were among the significant contributors to the study of Nepalese spiders in the mid-twentieth century [30]. Several studies have been based on Prof. J. Martens' collections from the Himalayan expeditions. Buchar introduced 7 new Lycosid spiders from Nepal in 1976, 1978, and 1984. Bohdanowicz (1979, 1987) described new Synagelides spiders from Nepal in his studies. Ono (1979, 1980, and 1985) used numerous thomisid spiders from Nepal in his research. Other researches by Ono (1983, 2006) and Jocqué (1992) describe endemic Zodariidae spiders from Nepal. Nishikawa's study from 1980 introduced 2 new Agelena spiders from Nepal's Khumbu region. Zabka discovered 11 distinct salticid spiders in Nepal during his research. Other 2 spider species belonging to the genus Suffasia were also discovered from eastern Nepal [31]. Two hersilid spiders from Nepal were introduced by Baehr & Baehr in 1993. There were 144 species of spiders in Nepal, according Thapa’s book; “Enumeration of Spiders of Nepal” [26]. Jastrzebski [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39] cites 15 different salticid spiders from Nepal in his various researches. A study on rice field spiders was also conducted in Nepal's Chitwan district [40]. Jäger [41, 42, 43, 44, 45] describes the family Sparassidae, which includes 33 species from Nepal. Wang discovered 7 new Himalcoelotes species in his research [46]. There are 37 new spiders of the genus Draconarius in the revised list of ceolotine spiders from Nepal [47]. Different Studies by Tanasevitch [48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56] Tanasevitch and Saaristo [57], and Wunderlich [11, 12, 13] enlist many linyphid spiders from Nepal. The “Nepal biodiversity resource book” featured a checklist of spiders of Nepal (Annex 2.1) with 175 species of spiders belonging to 22 distinct families, based on data from earlier publications [26, 40, 58]. Similarly, the checklist of south Asian spiders identified 222 spider species belonging to 79 genera. 176 of those species were only found in Nepal [30]. Wang and Zhu discovered 3 new species of the genus Himalmartensus in Nepal [59]. 38 different Nepalese spiders of the genus Draconarius are described in a study based on J. Marten's collection from Himalayan trips [47]. Four new Camptoscaphiella species were discovered in Nepal by Baehr and Ubick in 2010. Platnick et al. found 3 new species of Brignolia in Nepal [60]. Huber described 2 species of genus Pholcus from Nepal in 2011. Jager found a new species of genus Ctenus in 2012. Four species of the genus Himalayana from Nepal are included in Grismado’s study [61].

Nepal's official spider species count is 175 as published in “Nepal's Sixth National Report to The Convention on Biological Diversity” (2018), released by the Ministry of Forest and Environment, Government of Nepal [62]. Furthermore, the study by Xu et al. documented 5 new species of the genus Leclercera from Nepal [63]. Chang and Li added another Leclercera spider to the list [64]. For the first time in Nepal, Shrestha and Dorr announced the finding of the genus Lactrodectus in 2020 [65]. Nine new Asian salticid spider species were discovered during a field study in Nepal's Chitwan National Park [66]. A new genus, Himalafurca, is described in a recent study including two species from Nepal [52]. A different study reports 7 new Pimoa species from Nepal [67].

Furthermore research on Nepalese spiders has been ongoing since last inventory, and this update to the Nepalese spider checklist is critical. The purpose of this article is to compile a list of all the spider species discovered in Nepal, update their taxonomy and reveal the current state of spider research in Nepal.

Study area

Nepal, a southeast Asian country that makes up around 0.1 percent of the world's landmass, is home to 118 different ecosystems [68]. It is a biogeographical transition zone between the Paleotropic and Palaearctic biogeographical realms in the south and the Palaearctic biogeographical realms in the north [69]. Nepal is divided into three ecological regions; Mountain, hills and terai. The climate ranges from tropical to arctic in a short distance of 180 km [68]. Extreme height fluctuation (70–8848.86 m) and precipitation (up to 5500 mm yearly) [70], divergent temperatures, aspect, and humidity form a complex mosaic of ecosystems and habitat ranging from tropical forest through alpine highlands in Nepal [68]. The classification by Stainton identified 35 various forest types in Nepal [71]. Nepal is home to a vast range of flora and animals. According to Nepal's sixth national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (2018), the country is home to over 13,000 species of flora and over 17,000 species of fauna [62]. Politically, Nepal is divided into 77 districts and 7 federal provinces (see Figure 1).

Figure 1

Map of Nepal; Geographical and political. The small rectangular box displays Nepal's geographic location inside Asia. Nepal is a landlocked nation in Southeast Asia that shares borders with both China and India. Lying below is the enlarged political map of Nepal. There, it makes reference of Nepal's federal provinces and districts.

Materials and methods

Data collection

This checklist was created using information from previous publications in international journals, books, a computer database, and scientific records from “The World Spider Catalog” (Version-23.0). Using Google Scholar's all-in-title feature, we looked for literature discussing Nepalese spiders using keywords with Boolean operators “Spider” OR “Spiders”, “Nepal”. There were a total of 21 search results, with 14 articles and 7 citations. To find the papers listed, these citations were copied and searched in full scale in Google Chrome. Then, using the terms “Checklist of Nepalese spiders,” “List of Nepalese spiders,” “Nepalese spiders,” “Nepali spiders,” “Spiders from Nepal,” “Spiders in Nepal,” and “Spiders of Nepal”, multiple full-scale Google searches for more literature were conducted. Digital data on Nepalese spiders was collected from a government database. The World spider catalog was browsed through in order to include every article on Nepalese spiders in this study. For the last inspection, snowball referencing was used. This resulted in 94 published articles about Nepalese spiders in total. In addition, other publications, reports, and catalogs were scrutinized for accuracy.

Analysis

We investigated the trend in discovery of spiders from Nepal through measure of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation [72]. Also, we compared our findings and examined the spider biodiversity within and outside Nepalese territory.

Representation

The findings were then organized as a checklist in a tabular fashion and classified according to the spider species' taxonomic family. The species' location, global distribution and bibliography are also included. The spider taxonomy is based on Version 23.0 of the World Spider Catalog (2022). The information is also displayed using descriptive statistics such as graphs and charts. The map was plotted in ArcMap version 10.4.1.

Results

We found 386 different spider species in Nepal, divided into 135 genera and 34 families (see Tables 1 and 2). Out of these, 251 species are endemic. This is a more than twofold increase in Nepal's spider biodiversity database. Linyphiidae and Salticidae spiders dominate accounting for 27.46 percent and 17.36 percent of total species, respectively (Figure 2, Figure 3). Nepalese spider study appears to be centered in the mountain ecological zone (63%) followed by the hills (31%) and the Terai region (6%) (Figure 4). The bulk of enlisted spiders are found in Province 1, while Sudurpaschim and Madhesh Provinces each have only one spider described (Figure 5). About 94 different articles on Nepalese spiders have been published since 1910. Karl Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed a slightly positive trend in discovery of spiders from Nepal (r =0.228). Maximum discoveries (44 species) have been been made in 2021 (Figure 6).

Table 1

Nepalese spider genera and species by family.

SN	Family	No.of Genera	No. of Species	No. of endemic species	Guild Structures [75]
1.	Agelenidae	4	50	46	Sheet web builders
2.	Amaurobiidae	1	3	3	Sheet web builders
3.	Anapidae	1	2	2	Orb weavers
4.	Araneidae	4	9	0	Orb weavers
5.	Ctenidae	1	1	1	Ground/other hunters
6.	Deinopidae	1	1	0	Ambush hunters
7.	Dictynidae	1	1	0	Space web builder
8.	Eresidae	1	1	0	Sheet web builders
9.	Gnaphosidae	2	4	1	Ground hunters
10.	Hahniidae	2	2	2	Sheet web builders
11.	Hersilidae	1	3	1	Sensing web builder
12.	Linyphiidae	41	106	82	Web builders/wandering
13.	Lycosidae	7	18	4	Ground hunters
14.	Mysmenidae	1	1	1	Space web builder
15.	Nesticidae	1	1	0	Space web builder
16.	Oonopidae	5	16	12	Ground hunters
17.	Oxyopidae	1	3	0	Stalkers
18.	Pholcidae	1	2	0	Space web builder
19.	Pimoidae	1	9	9	Sheet web builders
20.	Pisauridae	1	1	0	Ambush hunter
21.	Psechridae	2	3	1	Sheet web builders
22.	Psilodercidae	1	7	7	-
23.	Salticidae	30	67	27	Stalkers
24.	Scytodidae	1	1	0	Hunters
25.	Selenopidae	1	1	0	Ambush hunters
26.	Sparassidae	3	33	32	Wandering spiders
27.	Symphytognathidae	1	1	1	Orb weavers
28.	Tetrablemmidae	2	2	2	Sheet web builders
29.	Tetragnathidae	2	2	0	Orb weavers
30.	Theraphosidae	1	1	1	Sensing web builder
31.	Theridiidae	2	2	1	Space web builder
32.	Thomisidae	7	23	7	Ambush hunters
33.	Titanoecidae	1	1	1	Space web builder
34.	Zodariidae	3	8	7	Specialists

Figure 2

(A) Total species per family of Nepalese spiders. (B) Percentage of each family in Nepal’s endemic species.

Figure 3

No of genera in each family of Nepalese spiders.

Figure 4

Nepalese spider species by ecological regions.

Summary of the spider fauna of Nepal.

Number of Families: 34.

Number of Genera: 135.

Number of Species: 386.

Number of Endemic Species: 251.

Figure 5

Nepalese spider species by federal provinces.

Figure 6

Trend of spider discoveries in Nepal.

This checklist contains taxonomic upgrades as well as corrections to past misidentifications. To avoid recurrence, synonymous species are sorted. Seven Tetrablemmidae species (Tetrablemma elongata, Tetrablemma laboriosa, Tetrablemma mandibulata, Tetrablemma maxillosa, Tetrablemma phulchoki, Tetrablemma straminea, Tetrablemma virescens, Theridiosoma sp) and two Synagelides species (Synagelides wangdicus and Synagelides wuermlii) enlisted earlier [30, 58] are omitted in this checklist due to lack of published references or collected specimens. Similarly, some enlistments from earlier lists are excluded due to unidentified specific trait. The checklist has also taken into account previous misidentifications, synonyms, and taxonomic transfers of several spider species.

Discussion

With 386 species of spiders, Nepal has about five times more species-to-area ratio (0.00262) than its neighbouring countries; China (0.000546) and India (0.000512) having 5249 and 1686 spider species each [73, 74]. It accounts for 16.79% of spiders of South Asia (2299 species) and 0.77% of total spiders in the world [2, 30]. The family Linyphiidae dominates the spider inventory of Nepal, although Salticids lead the Chinese and Indian catalogues. With 63% of total spiders enlisted, maximum expeditions have been focused on Mountain ecological region of Nepal. In Nepalese spiders, there are conspicuous Himalayan radiations. Deeply separated valleys and a plethora of mountain ranges preventing ground-dwelling arthropods from spreading quickly from one valley chain to the next, has resulted in the evolution of several species [47]. The diversity of coelotine spiders in Nepal astounded the authors; Wang and Martens [47]. Local species of genera Draconarius, Pseudopoda, and Bhutaniella have particularly striking traits [43, 47]. The existence of Euophrys omnisuperstes amid snow and stony debris at a height of 6700 m above sea level is intriguing.

The study of Nepal's endemic Himalayan spider species has got a good attention, but the lush lower vegetation has been overlooked. Vast swaths of biologically significant land have remained mostly unexplored. Out of 77 districts of Nepal, 39 have not been explored a bit for spider diversity. Since 1910, there have been only 94 publications on Nepalese spiders. There is a weak positive Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r = 0.228) between years and new spiders discovered in Nepal. A simple keyword search {allintitle: spider “Country name”} yields about 40 times less results on google scholar for Nepal than those for China and India. These clearly indicate a significant research gap. Scholars from around the world appear to be curious but Nepalese have played a modest role in spider studies. Also, a 100% research focus has been on baseline surveys. With growing global interests on spider webs, ecology and venom, other thematic areas should be covered as well. Nepal thus seems a promising land for spider diversity. Further explorations might significantly boost global spider inventory. The authors thus invite and encourage researchers from all around the world to investigate Nepalese spiders.

Declarations

Author contribution statement

All authors listed have significantly contributed to the development and the writing of this article.

Funding statement

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Data availability statement

Data included in article/supplementary material/referenced in article.

Declaration of interests statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper.

Table 2

Spiders of Nepal and their distribution by family

S.N	Genera	Species with Bibliography	Location (District/Province)	Distribution
I. FAMILY AGELENIDAE C.L. Koch, 1837
1.	Agelena Walekenaer, 1837	Agelena lukla [76]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal and China
		Agelena Sherpa [76]		Endemic
2.	Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999	Draconarius beloniformis [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius bifarius [47]	Terhathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius brevikarenos [47]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius capitellus [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius communis [47]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius condocephalus [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius confusus [47]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Draconarius contiguus [47]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Draconarius cylindratus [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius dapaensis [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius distinctus [47]	Panchthar / Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius dorsicephalus [47]	Dolakha/Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Draconarius gorkhaensis [47]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius gurkha [47]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius latiforus [47]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius meganiger [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius microcoelotes [47]		Endemic
		Draconarius panchtharensis [47]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius paraepisomos [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius phulchokiensis [47]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Draconarius pseudogurkha [47]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius pseudomeganiger[47]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Draconarius sacculus [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius schawalleri [47]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius semicirculus [47]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Draconarius seorsus [47]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Draconarius simplicifolis [47]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius spinosus [47]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Draconarius subconfusus [47]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius subepisomos [47]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius subrotundus [47]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius taplejungensis [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius testudinatus [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius tinjuraensis [47]	Terhathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius tritos [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Draconarius volutobursarius[47]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Draconarius wuermlii [47]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal and Bhutan
		Draconarius yadongensis [47]		Nepal and China
3.	Himalcoelotes Wang ,2002	Himalcoelotes aequoreus [46]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes bursarius [46]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes diatropos [46]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes gyirongensis[46]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and China
		Himalcoelotes martensi [46]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes pirum [46]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes sherpa [46]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes subsherpa [46]	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Himalcoelotes syntomos [46]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
4.	TegenariaLatreille, 1804	Tegenaria lunakensis[77]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
II. FAMILY AMAUROBIIDAE Thorell, 1870
1.	HimalmartensusWang and Zhu, 2008	Himalmartensus ausobskyi [59]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Himalmartensus martensi [59]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Himalmartensus nepalensis [59]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
III. FAMILY ANAPIDAE Simon, 1895
1.	MetanapisBrignoli, 1981	Metanapis montisemodi [7]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Metanapis tectimundi [7]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
IV. FAMILY ARANEIDAE Clerck, 1757
1.	GasteracanthaSundevall, 1833	Gasteracantha kuhli [78]	Banke/ Lumbini P.	Nepal, India, Japan
		Gasteracantha sanguinolenta [78] [[7878]]		Nepal, Africa, Yemen
2.	HypsosingaAusserer, 1871	Hypsosinga pygmaea [58]	Nepal	Nepal, North America
		Hypsosinga sanguinea [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Europe, North Africa
3.	MacracanthaSimon, 1864	Macracantha hasselti [78]∗transferred from genus Gasteracantha	Banke/ Lumbini P.	Nepal, Pakistan, India, China
4.	NeosconaSimon, 1864	Neoscona arabesca [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Israel, India
		Neoscona nautical [58]	Nepal	Asia and pacific islands
		Neoscona scylla [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Russia, China, Korea
		Neoscona theisi [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Australia, India
V. FAMILY CTENIDAE Keyserling, 1877
1.	CtenusWalckenaer, 1805	Ctenus martensi [42]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
VI. FAMILY DEINOPIDAE C.L. Koch, 1850
1	AsianopisLin and Li, 2020	Asianopis goalparaensis [58]∗Transferred from genus Deinopis	Nepal	Nepal and India
VII. FAMILY DICTYNIDAE O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
1	NigmaLehtinen, 1967	Nigma shiprai [58]∗Transferred from genus Dictyna	Nepal	Nepal and India
VIII. FAMILY ERESIDAE C.L. Koch, 1851
1.	StegodyphusSimon, 1873	Stegodyphus sarasinorum [2]	Nepal	India, Sri Lanka, Nepal (Endemic to South Asia)
IX. FAMILY GNAPHOSIDAE Pocock, 1898
1.	DrassodesWestring, 1851	Drassodes lutescens [79]∗synonym: Phaeocedus mosambaensis	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Ukraine, Caucasus
		Drassodes phagduaensis [77]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	GnaphosaLatreille, 1804	Gnaphosa mandschurica [80]	Mustang/ Gandaki P	Mongolia, China, Russia
		Gnaphosa moerens [80]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	China and Nepal
X. FAMILY HAHNIIDAE Bertkau, 1878
1.	HahniaC.L Koch, 1841	Hahnia alini [77]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	NeoantisteaGertsch, 1934	Neoantistea janetscheki [81]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
XI. FAMILY HERSILIIDAE Thorell, 1870
1.	HersiliaAudouin, 1826	Hersilia martensi [82]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and Thailand
		Hersilia nepalensis [82]		Endemic
		Hersilia savignyi [82]	Dhading/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, India, Pakistan
XII. FAMILY LINYPHIIDAE Blackwall, 1859
1.	AgynetaHull, 1911	Agyneta bueko [11]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Agynetahimalaya [56]	Panchthar, Province 1	Endemic
		Agyneta jiriensis [11]	Dolakha/ Province 1	Endemic
		Agyneta pakistanica [52]	Dailekh/ Karnali Province	Nepal and Pakistan
		Agyneta pseudofuscipalpis [11]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Agyneta yulungiensis [11]		Endemic
2.	AnguliphantesSaaristo &Tanasevitch, 1966	Anguliphantes nepalensis [50]∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Pakistan, India
3.	AscetophantesTanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	Ascetophantes asceticus [48]∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
4.	AsthenargusSimon and Fage, 1922	Asthenargus thaleri [11]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
5.	BathyphantesMenge, 1866	Bathyphantes paracymbialis [52]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Nepal, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand
6.	CaviphantesOi, 1960	Caviphantes pseudosaxetorum[52]		Nepal, China , Japan
7.	ClaviphantesTanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	Claviphantes bifurcatoides [52]∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes		Endemic
		Claviphantes bifurcatus [48]∗Transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
8.	ErigoneAudouin, 1826	Erigone acuta [49]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
		Erigone atra [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, China, Russia
		Erigone nepalensis [11]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati	Endemic
		Erigone prominens [52]∗Synonym: Erigone ourania	Dailekh/ Karnali Province	Nepal to China, Australia
9.	FistulaphantesTanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	Fistulaphantes canalis [52]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
10.	GnathoriumKarsch, 1881	Gnathorium gibberum [52]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal, China, Korea, Japan, Russia
11.	GongylidiellumSimon, 1884	Gongylidiellum kathmanduense[11]	Baglung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Gongylidiellum koshi [49]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		Gongylidiellum nepalense [50]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and India
12.	HaloratesHull, 1911	Halorates crassipalpis [52]∗previously misidentified as Collinsia japonica	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and Pakistan
13.	HelsdingeniaSaaristo and Tanasevitch, 2003	Helsdingenia ceylonica [83]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, Sri Lanka (Endemic to South Asia)
14.	HeterolinyphiaWunderlich, 1973	Heterolinyphia tarakotensis [12]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	India and Nepal (Endemic to South Asia)
15.	HilairaSimon, 1884	Hilaira dapaensis [52]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
16.	HimalafurcaTanasevitch, 2021	Himalafurca martensi [52]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Himalafurca schawalleri [52]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
17.	HimalaphantesTanasevitch, 1992	Himalaphantes grandiculus [52]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Himalaphantes magnus [48]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Himalaphantes martensi [48]	Mustang, Gandaki Province	India and Nepal
18.	HubertellaPlatnick, 1989	Hubertella montana [52]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Hubertella orientalis[58]	Nepal	Endemic
		Hubertella thankurensis [11]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
19.	IndophantesSaaristo and Tanasevitch, 2003	Indophantes agamus [57]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Indophantes digitulus [48]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal, Pakistan and India
20.	LinyphiaLatreille, 1804	Linyphia nepalensis [11]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
21.	MartensinusWunderlich, 1973	Martensinus annulatus [12]	Baglung/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Martensinus micronetiformis [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
22.	MegalepthyphantesWunderlich, 1994	Megalepthyphantesnebulosoides [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Central Asia, Iran
23.	MughiphantesSaaristo & Tanasevitch, 1999	Mughiphantes alticola [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Mughiphantes anachoretus [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes		Endemic
		Mughiphantes ancoriformis [52]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes bicornis [57]		Endemic
		Mughiphantes cuspidatus [57]		Endemic
		Mughiphantes falxus [57]		Endemic
		Mughiphantes faustus [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Ramechhap/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Mughiphantes inermus [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes longiproper [57]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes numilionis [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Mughiphantes occultus [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes restrictus [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes rotundatus [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Mughiphantes setifer [48]∗transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Mughiphantes setosus [57]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Mughiphantes sherpa [48]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Mughiphantes yeti [48]∗ transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
24.	NasoonaLocket, 1982	Nasoona asocialis [52]∗ transferred from genus Oedothorax∗Previously published as Gorbothorax ungibbus	Kathmandu/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, China, India
		Nasoona comata [53]∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Nasoona conica [53]∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Nasoona setifera [53]∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Terathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		Nasoona wunderlichi [13]∗ transferred from genus Gorbothorax	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
25.	NematogmusSimon, 1886	Nematogmus dentimanus [52]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Nepal, Srilanka, Malaysia, Indonesia
26.	NerieneBlackwall, 1833	Neriene oidedicata [52]∗ transferred from genus Linyphia	Panchthar/ Province 1	Nepal, China, Russia, Korea, Japan
27.	NesionetaMillidge, 1991	Nesioneta muriensis [11]∗transferred from genus Agyneta	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
28.	OedothoraxBertkau, in Förster&Bertkau, 1883	Oedothorax angelus [55]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax annulatus [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax assuetus [55]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Oedothorax clypeellum [55]		Endemic
		Oedothorax coronatus [55]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax cruciferoides [54]		Endemic
		Oedothorax dismodicoides [52]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax elongatus [52]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax falcifer [55]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax hirsutus [13]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax kathmandu [54]	Kathmandu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax lineatus [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax lucidus [13]		Endemic
		Oedothorax malearmatus [55]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax mangsima [54]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax modestus [55]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax savigniformis [55]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax sexoculatus [13]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax sexoculorum [55]	Terhathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax simplicithorax [55]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Oedothorax tholusus [55]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Oedothorax triceps [54]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Oedothorax unicolor [13]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
29.	OiaWunderlich, 1973	Oia Kathmandu [52]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Oia sororia [52]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and India
30.	PalliduphantesSaaristo & Tanasevitch, 2001	Palliduphantes theosophicus [48]∗ transferred from genus Lepthyphantes	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
31.	ParagongylidiellumWunderlich, 1973	Paragongylidiellum caliginosum [52]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and India
32.	ParbatthoraxTanasevitch, 2019	Parbatthorax unicornis [51]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
33.	PiniphantesSaaristo & Tanasevitch, 1996	Piniphantes himalayensis [48]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and Pakistan
34.	PorrhommaSimon, 1884	Porrhomma marphaense [11]∗nomen dubium	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
35.	SalocaSimon, 1926	Saloca gorapaniensis [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Saloca khumbuensis [11]	Solukhumbu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
36.	ScotargusSimon, 1913	Scotargus pilosus [11]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Europe, Algeria, Russia, Central Asia
37.	SpiralophantesTanasevitch & Saaristo, 2006	Spiralophantes mirabilis [57]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
38.	TapinocybaSimon, 1884	Tapinocyba montivaga [52]	Sankhuwasabha / Province 1	Endemic
		Tapinocyba altimontanus [57]		Endemic
39.	TenuiphantesSaaristo &Tanasevitch, 1996	Tenuiphantes crassus [57]	Taplejung / Province 1	Endemic
		Tenuiphantes plumipes [48]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
40.	TisoSimon, 1884	Tiso aestivus [52]	Taplejung / Province 1	Nepal, Canada, Japan
		Tiso indianus [52]		Nepal and India
41.	Walckenaeria Blackwall, 1833	Walckenaeria martensi [50]∗synonym: Walckenaeria nepalensis	Solukhumbu, Province 1	Nepal and India
XIII. FAMILY LYCOSIDAE Sundevall, 1833
1.	AcantholycosaDahl, 1908	Acantholycosa baltoroi [29]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, India, China
2.	ArctosaC.L. Koch, 1847	Arctosa janetscheki [27]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Arctosa raptor [84]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Russia, Nepal, USA, Canada
3.	HippasaSimon, 1885	Hippasa greenalliae [58]	Nepal	Nepal, India, Sri Lanka
4.	HylyphantesSimon, 1884∗senior synonym of genus Erigonidium	Hylyphantes graminicola [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Europe, Russia, China
5.	LycosaGravely, 1924	Lycosa kempi [27]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, Pakistan, India, China
6.	PardosaC.L. Koch, 1847	Pardosa bifasciata [27]∗previously published as Pardosa thaleri	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Europe, Turkey, Russia, China
		Pardosa birmanica [27]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Myanmar
		Pardosa fletcheri [29]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Pakistan, India
		Pardosa martensi [29]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Pardosa mongolica [28]		Nepal, Russia, Mongolia,China
		Pardosa orealis [28]		Endemic
		Pardosa pseudoannulata [58]∗Synonym: Lycosa pseudoannulata	Nepal	Nepal, Pakistan, China, India, Bhutan, Japan,Indonesia
		Pardosa pusiola [2]	Nepal	Nepal, Bhutan, India
		Pardosa sumatrana [27]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, Bhutan, India
		Pardosa sutherlandi [29]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Bhutan, India
		Pardosa tridentis [27]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, India, Kashmir
7.	TrochosaC.L. Koch, 1847	Trochosa gravelyi [27]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
XIV. FAMILY MYSMENIDAE Petrunkevitch, 1928
1.	IardinisSimon, 1899	Iardinis martensi [7]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
XV. FAMILY NESTICIDAE Simon, 1894
1.	NesticellaLehtinen &Saaristo, 1980	Nesticella nepalensis [85]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, India
XVI. FAMILY OONOPIDAE Simon, 1890
1.	BrignoliaDumitrescu and Georgescu, 1983	Brignolia ankhu [60]	Dhading/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Brignolia assam [60]	Nuwakot/ Bagmati P.	Nepal and India
		Brignolia sukna [60]	Ilam/ Province 1	Nepal and India
2.	CamptoscaphiellaCaporiacco, 1934	Camptoscaphiella gunsa [86]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal and India
		Camptoscaphiella martensi [86]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Camptoscaphiella nepalensis [86]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Camptoscaphiella panchthar [86]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Camptoscaphiella silens [86]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Camptoscaphiella strepens [86]	Gorkha/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Camptoscaphiella taplejung [86]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
3.	HimalayanaGrismado, 2014	Himalayana castanopsis [61]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Himalayana kathmandu [61]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Himalayana martensi [61]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Himalayana parbat [61]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
4.	PrethopalpusBaehr et al., 2012	Prethopalpus ilam [87]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
5.	TrilacunaTong & Li, 2007	Trilacuna bangla [61]	Sindhupalchowk/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
XVII. FAMILY OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1869
1	OxyopesLatreille, 1804	Oxyopes javanus [58]	Nepal	Nepal, China, India
		Oxyopes lineatus [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Europe, Turkey ,Russia
		Oxyopes sertatus [58]	Nepal	Nepal, China, Korea, Japan
XVIII. FAMILY PHOLCIDAE C.L. Koch, 1850
1.	PholcusWalckenaer, 1805	Pholcus calligaster [88]	Parsa/ Madhesh Province	Nepal and Myanmar
		Pholcus zham [88]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal and China
XIX. FAMILY PIMOIDAE Wunderlich, 1986
1.	PimoaChamberlin & Ivie, 1943	Pimoa daman [67]	Makwanpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pimoa khaptad [67]	Bajhang/ Sudurpashim P.	Endemic
		Pimoa koshi [67]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		Pimoa mechi [67]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pimoa mude [67]	Sindhupalchowk/Bagmati	Endemic
		Pimoa nematoides [88]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pimoa phaplu [67]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pimoa rara [67]	Mugu/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Pimoa sinuosa [88]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
XX. FAMILY PISAURIDAE Simon, 1890
1.	PerenethisL. Koch, 1878	Perenethis sindica [89]	Taplejung/ Province 1	India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, China
XXI. FAMILY PSECHRIDAE Simon, 1890
1.	PsechrusThorell, 1878	Psechrus himalayanus [90]	Rolpa/ Lumbini Province	India, Nepal
		Psechrus marsyandi [45]	Lamjung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
2.	FeceniaSimon, 1887	Fecenia protensa [58]∗Synonym: Facenia nicobarensis	Nepal	Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, Brunei, Malaysia, India
∗Fecinia nicobarensis was transferred from genus Psechrus (Thorell, 1878)
XXII. FAMILY PSILOCERCIDAE Machado, 1951
1.	LeclerceraDeeleman-Reinhold, 1995	Leclercera ekteenensis [64]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Leclercera machadoi [9]	Baglung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Leclercera mulcata [9]∗transferred from genus Psiloderces	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Leclercera nagarjunensis [63]		Endemic
		Leclercera niuqu [63]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Leclercera sidai [63]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Leclercera zhaoi [63]		Endemic
∗Psilocercidae, a sub family of Ochyroceratidae was raised to family by Wunderlich (2008)
XXIII. FAMILY SALTICIDAE Blackwall, 1841
1.	AsemoneaO Pickard-Cambridge, 1869	Asamonea tenuipes [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Singapore
2.	BianorPeckham and Peckham, 1886	Bianor albobimaculatus [91]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Iran, Pakistan India
		Bianor tortus [37]	Ilam/ Province 1	Nepal and India
3.	BrettusThorell, 1895	Brettus anchorum[36]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and India
4.	CarrhotusThorell, 1891	Carrhotus assam [91]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and India
		Carrhotus catagraphus [34]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Carrhotus erus [91]	Kaski/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and India
		Carrhotus operosus [34]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Carrhotus s-bulbosus [32]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		Carrhotus sannio [91]	Myagdi/ Gandaki	Nepal, China, India
		Carrhotus viduus [34]		Nepal, China. India, Iran
5.	ChalcoscirtusBertkau, 1880	Chalcoscirtus jiricus [22]∗transferred from genus Euophrys	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Chalcoscirtus martensi [22]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, India and China
6.	ChinattusLogunov, 1999	Chinattus chichila [92]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		Chinattus validus [93]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal,Bhutan,China
7.	ChrysillaThorell, 1887	Chrysilla volupe [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, Bhutan, India,Sri Lanka
8.	EpeusPeckham and Peckham, 1886	Epeus exdomus [94]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Epeus indicus [35]	Nuwakot/ Bagmati P.	Nepal and India
9.	EpocillaThorell, 1887	Epocilla aurantiaca [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Vietnam, India
10.	EuophrysC. L. Koch, 1834	Euophrys dhaulagirica [22]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Euophrys nepalica [22]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and China
		Euophrys omnisuperstes [5]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal and India
		Euophrys yulungensis [22]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	China and Nepal
11.	HabrocestoidesPrószyn'ski, 1992	Habrocestoides phulchokiensis [95]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
12.	HarmochirusSimon, 1885	Harmochirus zabkai [96]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	India, Nepal, Vietnam
13.	HyllusC.L. Koch, 1846	Hyllus semicupreus [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, India
14.	IciusSimon, 1876	Icius alboterminus [66]		Nepal and India
15.	NepalicusBlackwall, 1841	Nepalicius nepalicus [97]∗Transferred from genus Pseudicius	Kathmandu/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
16.	OrientattusCaleb, 2020	Orientattus minutes [23]∗O.minutes was transferred from genus Pancorius	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal
17.	PancoriusSimon, 1902	Pancorius armatus [39]	Parbat/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Pancorius cadus [39]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pancorius kaskiae [23]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Pancorius magnus [39]	Ilam/ Province 1	Nepal, China, India
		Pancorius urnus [39]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
18.	PhaeaciusSimon, 1900	Phaeacius fimbriatus [36]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal, Indonesia, Java
		Phaeacius saxicola [98]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Phaeacius wanlessi [36]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal, Sri Lanka
19.	PhintellaStrand, 1906	Phintella suavis [2]	Nepal	Nepal to Malaysia
		Phintella vittata [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, India
20.	Plexippoides Prószyn'ski, 1984	Plexippoides tristis [99]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
21.	PlexippusC.L. Koch, 1846	Plexippus paykulli [23]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Asia, Africa, America, Europe
		Plexippus petersi [23]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Asia, Africa and Pacific islands
		Plexippus pokharae [23]		Endemic
22.	PortiaKarsch, 1878	Portia fimbriata [36]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan to Australia
23.	PtocasiusSimon, 1885	Ptocasius nepalicus [20]Synonym: Yaginumaella nepalica	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and China
		Ptocasius tenzingi [20]Synonym: Yaginumaella tenzingi	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Ptocasius thakkholaicus [20]Synonym: Yaginumaella thakkholaica	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Nepal and China
24.	RheneThorell, 1869	Rhene flavicomans [33]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Nepal, Bhutan, India, Thailand
		Rhene phuntsholingensis [33]		Nepal, Bhutan
25.	SilerSimon, 1889	Siler cupreus [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan
26.	SitticusSimon 1901	Sitticus niveosignatus [21]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Nepal to China
27.	StenaelurillusSimon,1886	Stenaelurillus triguttatus [100]	Narayangadh/ Bagmati P.	Nepal and China
28.	SynagelidesStrand, 1906	Synagelides bagmaticus [101]	Bhaktapur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Synagelides gosainkundicus [101]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Synagelides kosi [101]	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Synagelides martensi [101]Synonyms: Synagelides dhaulagiricus ,Synagelides himalaicus, Synagelides jiricus, Synagelides thodungus & Synagelides wyszynskii	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Endemic
		Synagelides nepalensis [24]		Endemic
		Synagelides nishikawai [25]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Synagelides oleksiaki [24]Synonym: Synagelides gorapanicus	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Synagelides tukchensis [24]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Synagelides ullerensis [24]	Parbat/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Synagelides walesai [24]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
29.	TelamoniaThorell,1887	Telamonia dimidiata [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, Bhutan, Malaysia
		Telamonia festiva [66]	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, India
30.	ThyeneSimon,1885	Thyene bivittata [38]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China, Pakistan
		Thyene typica [38]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
		Thyene yuxiensis [38]	Tanahu/ Gandaki P.	Nepal and China
XXIV. FAMILY SCYTODIDAE Blackwall, 1864
1.	ScytodesLatreille, 1804	Scytodes mawphlongensis [10]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
XXV. FAMILY SELENOPIDAE Simon, 1897
1.	MakdiopsCrews and Harvey,2011	Makdiops montigena [102]	Chitwan/ Bagmati Province	Nepal and India
XXVI. FAMILY SPARASSIDAE Bertkau, 1872
1.	BhutaniellaJäger, 2000	Bhutaniella hillyardi [41]	Sankhuwasabha/Province1	Endemic
		Bhutaniella rollardae [43]	Pyuthan/ Lumbini P.	Endemic
2.	OliosWalckenaer,1837	Olios rossetti [44]	Kavre/ Bagmati Province	Nepal, India, Pakistan
3.	PseudopodaJäger, 2000	Pseudopoda albolineata [82]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda alta [43]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Pseudopoda ausobskyi [43]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda brauni [43]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda chauki [43]	Terathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda chulingensis [43]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Pseudopoda cuneata [43]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda dama [43]	Jhapa/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda damana [43]	Makwanpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda dhulensis [43]	Baglung/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda diversipunctata [43]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Pseudopoda everesta [43]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda grasshoffi [43]	Sankhuwasabha /Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda heteropodoides [43]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda huberti [43]	Pyuthan/ Lumbini P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda hyatti [43]	Myagdi/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda jirensis [43]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda kalinchoka [43]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda khimtensis [43]	Ramechhap/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda latembola [43]	Manang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda marmoreal [43]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Pseudopoda martensi [43]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda martinae [43]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda monticola [43]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda schawalleri [43]	Panchthar/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda sinopodoides [43]	Kathmandu/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda tinjura [43]	Tehrathum/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda triapicata [43]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Pseudopoda trisuliensis [43]	Rasuwa/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
		Pseudopoda varia [43]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
XXVII. FAMILY SYMPHYTOGNATHIDAE Hickman, 1931
1	IardinisSimon,1899	Iardinis martensi [7]	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
XXVIII. FAMILY TETRABLEMMIDAE O.P-Cambridge, 1873
1.	BrignoliellaShear, 1978	Brignoliella martensi [8]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
2.	TetrablemmaO.P.-Cambridge, 1873	Tetrablemma phulchoki [14]		Endemic
XXIX. FAMILY TETRAGNATHIDAE Menge, 1866
1.	LeucaugeWhite,1841	Leucauge decorata [58]	Nepal	Nepal, Japan, Thailand, Bangladesh, China, India
2.	TetragnathaLatreille,1804	Tetragnatha bogotensis [103]Synonym: Tetragnatha boydi	Nepal	Nepal, Spain, Mexico to Paraguay
XXX. FAMILY THERAPHOSIDAE Thorell, 1870
1.	HaplocosmiaSchmidt & von Wirth, 1996	Haplocosmia nepalensis [104]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
XXXI. FAMILY THERIDIIDAE Sundevall, 1833
1.	CarniellaThaler & Steinberger	Carniella nepalensis [105]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Endemic
2.	LactrodectusWalckenaer,1805	Lactrodectus elegans [65]	Gorkha/ Gandaki Province	Nepal, China, Japan , India, Myanmar
XXXII. FAMILY THOMISIDAE Sundevall, 1833
1.	BassaniodesPocock, 1903	Bassaniodes dolpoensis [15]∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Dolpa/ Karnali province	Nepal and China
2.	LysitelesSimon, 1895	Lysiteles annapurnus [18]	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Lysiteles himalayensis [18]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Bhutan, Nepal
		Lysiteles lepusculus [18]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Lysiteles maius [18]	Baitadi/ Gandaki P.	Russia, Nepal to Japan
		Lysiteles montivagus [18]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Endemic
		Lysiteles niger [18]	Makwanpur/ Bagmati P.	Bhutan, Nepal
		Lysiteles parvulus [18]	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Lysiteles saltus [18]		Bhutan , Nepal, China
3.	MonaesesThorell, 1869	Monaeses aciculus [16]	Taplejung/ Province 1	Nepal to Japan, Philippines
4.	PsammitisMenge, 1876	Psammitis nepalhimalaicus [15]∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Dolakha/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Psammitis potamon [15]∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Myagdi/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Psammitis simplicipalpatus [15]∗transferred from genus Xysticus	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Nepal and Bhutan
5.	RunciniaSimon, 1875	Runcinia roonwali [58]	Nepal	Nepal and India
		Runcinia insecta [58]∗previously published as Thomisus cherapunjeus	Nepal	Asia, Africa, Australia
6.	StiphropusGerstäcker, 1873	Stiphropus soureni [17]	Kavre/ Bagmati P.	India, Nepal, Bhutan
7.	XysticusC.L. Koch, 1835	Xysticus alpinistus [15]	Dolakha/ Bagmati P.	Nepal, China
		Xysticus cristatus [15]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, Kazakhstan, Iran
		Xysticus croceus [2]	Nepal	India, Nepal, Bhutan, China
		Xysticus elephantus [15]	Dolpa/ Karnali Province	Nepal, China
		Xysticus martensi [15]		Endemic
		Xysticus roonwali [106]	Solukhumbu/ Province 1	Nepal, India
		Xysticus cf sikkimus [15]	Mustang/ Gandaki P.	Nepal, China, India
XXXIII. FAMILY TITANOECIDAE Lehtinen, 1967
1.	AnuvindaLehtinen, 1967	Anuvinda milloti [107]∗transferred from genus Amaurobius	Chitwan/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
XXXIV. FAMILY ZODARIIDAE Thorell, 1881
1.	MallinellaStrand, 1906	Mallinella erratica [19]∗transferred from genus Storena	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Mallinella martensi [19]∗transferred from genus Storena	Mustang/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
		Mallinella nepalensis [19]∗transferred from genus Storena	Rasuwa/ Bagmati Province	Endemic
		Mallinella uncinata [19]∗transferred from genus Storena	Kaski/ Gandaki Province	Endemic
2.	SuffasiaJocqué, 1991	Suffasia kanchenjunga [31]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Suffasia martensi [31]	Ilam/ Province 1	Endemic
		Suffasia tumegaster [108]	Lalitpur/ Bagmati P.	Endemic
3.	TropizodiumJocque & Churchill, 2005	Tropizodium bengalensis [58]∗transferred from genus Lutica	Nepal	Nepal and India