Zinc transport and partitioning of a mine-impacted watershed: An evaluation of water and sediment quality.

Watershed systems influenced by mining waste products can persist for many years after operations are ceased, leading to negative impacts on the health of the surrounding environment. While geochemical behaviors of these trace metals have been studied extensively at the benchtop-scale, much fewer studies have looked at controls on their distributions at the watershed-level. In this study, trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were reported from water and stream bed sediments at eight sites between the years 2014-2018 along a watershed undergoing active remediation efforts. Zn was determined to be the only trace metal analyzed with concentrations above EPA and Kansas Department of Health guidelines for both water and sediment in the watershed, and thus was the primary focus for determining the health of the watershed system. Controls on trace metal pollution distribution over the watershed were investigated to determine where remediation efforts should be focused. Surface cover seemed to have the highest effectivity with pasture lands having a strong positive correlation to Zn concentrations. Initial remediation efforts were assessed by calculating the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the contamination factor (Cf-sediment) from sediments and contamination factor from water (Cf-water) after decades of chat pile removal efforts. Most of the sites showed significant reduction in metal concentration values compared to previous studies in the watershed for water and sediment, with four sites still reporting concentrations that reveal potential health risks. Results from this study will inform management and policy makers for areas to focus their remediation efforts on the Spring River Watershed as well as providing a framework for assessing pollution at a watershed scale.