Complex dynamics of hair bundle of auditory nervous system (I): spontaneous oscillations and two cases of steady states.

The hair bundles of inner hair cells in the auditory nervous exhibit spontaneous oscillations, which is the prerequisite for an important auditory function to enhance the sensitivity of inner ear to weak sounds, otoacoustic emission. In the present paper, the dynamics of spontaneous oscillations and relationships to steady state are acquired in a two-dimensional model with fast variable X (displacement of hair bundles) and slow variable X a . The spontaneous oscillations are derived from negative stiffness modulated by two biological factors (S and D) and are identified to appear in multiple two-dimensional parameter planes. In (S, D) plane, comprehensive bifurcations including 4 types of codimension-2 bifurcation and 5 types of codimension-1 bifurcation related to the spontaneous oscillations are acquired. The spontaneous oscillations are surrounded by supercritical and subcritical Hopf bifurcation curves, and outside of the curves are two cases of steady state. Case-1 and Case-2 steady states exhibit Z-shaped (coexistence of X) and N-shaped (coexistence of X a ) X-nullclines, respectively. In (S, D) plane, left and right to the spontaneous oscillations are two subcases of Case-1, which exhibit the stable equilibrium point locating on the upper and lower branches of X-nullcline, respectively, resembling that of the neuron. Lower to the spontaneous oscillations are 3 subcases of Case-2 from left to right, which manifest stable equilibrium point locating on left, middle, and right branches of X-nullcline, respectively, differing from that of the neuron. The phase plane for steady state is divided into four parts by nullclines, which manifest different vector fields. The phase trajectory of transient behavior beginning from a phase point in the four regions to the stable equilibrium point exhibits different dynamics determined by the vector fields, which is the basis to identify dynamical mechanism of complex forced oscillations induced by external signal. The results present comprehensive viewpoint and deep understanding for dynamics of the spontaneous oscillations and steady states of hair bundles, which can be used to well explain the experimental observations and to modulate functions of spontaneous oscillations.