Celso Alafo1, Helena Martí-Soler2, Mara Máquina1, Arlindo Malheia1, Ayesha S Aswat3, Lizette L Koekemoer3, James Colborn4, Neil F Lobo5,6, Allison Tatarsky6, Yasmin A Williams6, Dulcisária Marrenjo7, Nelson Cuamba7,8, Regina Rabinovich2,9, Pedro Alonso1,2, Pedro Aide1,10, Francisco Saúte1, Krijn P Paaijmans11,12,13,14,15. 1. Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique. 2. ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain. 3. WITS Research Institute for Malaria, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, & National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. 4. Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, USA. 5. Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. 6. Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 7. Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique. 8. PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc, Maputo, Mozambique. 9. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 10. Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique. 11. Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique. kpaaijma@asu.edu. 12. ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain. kpaaijma@asu.edu. 13. Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. kpaaijma@asu.edu. 14. The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. kpaaijma@asu.edu. 15. Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. kpaaijma@asu.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To eliminate malaria in southern Mozambique, the National Malaria Control Programme and its partners are scaling up indoor residual spraying (IRS) activities in two provinces, Gaza and Inhambane. An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics. METHODS: Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April-May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June-July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an 'entomological snapshot' by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps. RESULTS: Five different species or species groups were identified: Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (66.0%), Anopheles gambiae s.l. (14.0%), Anopheles pharoensis (1.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (14.1%) and Anopheles ziemanni (4.5%). Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Anopheles arabiensis was the most abundant vector species within the An. gambiae complex, but none tested positive for P. falciparum infections. Some An. tenebrosus were positive for P. falciparum (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector An. funestus s.s., was found to rest indoors-demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including An. gambiae s.l., An. tenebrosus, An. pharoensis and An. ziemanni, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled. CONCLUSION: The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic An. funestus s.s. was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique.
BACKGROUND: To eliminate malaria in southern Mozambique, the National Malaria Control Programme and its partners are scaling up indoor residual spraying (IRS) activities in two provinces, Gaza and Inhambane. An entomological surveillance planning tool (ESPT) was used to answer the programmatic question of whether IRS would be effective in target geographies, given limited information on local vector bionomics. METHODS: Entomological intelligence was collected in six sentinel sites at the end of the rainy season (April-May 2018) and the beginning of the dry season (June-July 2018). The primary objective was to provide an 'entomological snapshot' by collecting question-based, timely and high-quality data within one single week in each location. Host-seeking behaviour (both indoors and outdoors) was monitored by human-baited tent traps. Indoor resting behaviour was quantified by pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps. RESULTS: Five different species or species groups were identified: Anopheles funestus sensu lato (s.l.) (66.0%), Anopheles gambiae s.l. (14.0%), Anopheles pharoensis (1.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (14.1%) and Anopheles ziemanni (4.5%). Anopheles funestus sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major vector among its sibling species, and 1.9% were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Anopheles arabiensis was the most abundant vector species within the An. gambiae complex, but none tested positive for P. falciparum infections. Some An. tenebrosus were positive for P. falciparum (1.3%). When evaluating behaviours that impact IRS efficacy, i.e. endophily, the known primary vector An. funestus s.s., was found to rest indoors-demonstrating at least part of its population will be impacted by the intervention if insecticides are selected to which this vector is susceptible. However, other vector species, including An. gambiae s.l., An. tenebrosus, An. pharoensis and An. ziemanni, showed exophilic and exophagic behaviours in several of the districts surveilled. CONCLUSION: The targeted approach to entomological surveillance was successful in collecting question-based entomological intelligence to inform decision-making about the use of IRS in specific districts. Endophilic An. funestus s.s. was documented as being the most prevalent and primary malaria vector suggesting that IRS can reduce malaria transmission, but the presence of other vector species both indoors and outdoors suggests that alternative vector control interventions that target these gaps in protection may increase the impact of vector control in southern Mozambique.
Authors: C Mendis; J L Jacobsen; A Gamage-Mendis; E Bule; M Dgedge; R Thompson; N Cuamba; J Barreto; K Begtrup; R E Sinden; B Høgh Journal: Med Vet Entomol Date: 2000-06 Impact factor: 2.739
Authors: R Maharaj; J Raman; N Morris; D Moonasar; D N Durrheim; I Seocharan; P Kruger; B Shandukani; I Kleinschmidt Journal: S Afr Med J Date: 2013-08-29
Authors: Andrew K Githeko; John M Ayisi; Peter K Odada; Francis K Atieli; Bryson A Ndenga; John I Githure; Guiyun Yan Journal: Malar J Date: 2006-11-10 Impact factor: 2.979