Individualized and Generalized Learner Models for Predicting Missed Hepatic Metastases.

The diagnostic performance of radiologist readers exhibits substantial variation that cannot be explained by CT acquisition protocol differences. Studying reader detectability from CT images may help identify why certain types of lesions are missed by multiple or specific readers. Ten subspecialized abdominal radiologists marked all suspected metastases in a multi-reader-multi-case study of 102 deidentified contrast-enhanced CT liver scans at multiple radiation dose levels. A reference reader marked ground truth metastatic and benign lesions with the aid of histopathology or tumor progression on later scans. Multi-slice image patches and 3D radiomic features were extracted from the CT images. We trained deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) to predict whether an average (generalized) or individual radiologist reader would detect or miss a specific metastasis from an image patch containing it. The individualized CNN showed higher performance with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.82 compared to a generalized one (AUC = 0.78) in predicting reader-specific detectability. Random forests were used to build the respective versions from radiomic features. Both the individualized (AUC = 0.64) and generalized (AUC = 0.59) predictors from radiomic features showed limited ability to differentiate detected from missed lesions. This shows that CNN can identify and learn automated features that are better predictors of reader detectability of lesions than radiomic features. Individualized prediction of difficult lesions may allow targeted training of idiosyncratic weaknesses but requires substantial training data for each reader.