Outcome of the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine for functional constipation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Functional constipation (FC) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disease and its treatment remains challenging. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) on efficacy rate, global symptoms, bowel movements and the Bristol Stool Scale score in patients with FC by summarizing current available randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS: RCTs with CHM to treat FC were identified by a systematic search of six databases from inception to October 20, 2020. Two independent reviewers assessed the quality of the included articles and extracted data. Meta-analyses were performed to odds ratio (OR), mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were used to explore and interpret the sources of heterogeneity. The funnel plot, Begg's test and Egger's test were used to detect publication bias.
RESULTS: Ninety-seven studies involving 8693 patients were included in this work. CHM was significantly associated with a higher efficacy rate (OR: 3.62, 95%CI: 3.19-4.11, P < 0.00001) less severe global symptoms (OR: 4.03, 95%CI: 3.49-4.65, P < 0.00001) compared with control treatment, with the low heterogeneity between studies (I 2 = 0%, P = 0.76). CHM was also associated with more frequent bowel movements (MD 0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-0.98, P < 0.00001), a lower score on the Bristol Stool Scale (OR: 1.63, 95%CI: 1.15-2.32, P < 0.006), and a not significant recurrence rate (OR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.22-0.99, P = 0.05). No serious adverse effects of CHM were reported.
CONCLUSION: In this meta-analysis, we found that CHM may have potential benefits in increasing the number of bowel movements, improving stool characteristics and alleviating global symptoms in FC patients. However, a firm conclusion could not be reached because of the poor quality of the included trials. Further trials with higher quality are required. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: In this meta-analysis, we found that Chinese herbal medicine may have potential benefits in increasing the number of bowel movements, improving stool characteristics and alleviating global symptoms in functional constipation patients. However, a firm conclusion could not be reached because of the poor quality of the included trials. Further trials with higher quality are required.

INTRODUCTION

Functional constipation (FC) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disease. It has a prevalence of 14% in the population in Asia[1] and 15.6% of the population in Hong Kong[2], representing a huge care burden. It is estimated that about 3.2 million FC patients in the United States visited medical centers in 2012 and the direct cost per patient for chronic constipation ranged from $1912 to $7522 per year[3]. In addition, functional constipation greatly affects the quality of life of patients creating an important mental and physical burden[4].

The treatment of functional constipation remains challenging. Osmotic laxatives, irritant laxatives and stool softeners are commonly used to treat FC[5]. However, up to 47% of patients were not completely satisfied with such treatment mainly due to concerns about treatment efficacy, safety, adverse reactions and cost[6]. Therefore, patients with FC usually take a self-management approach and try to seek complementary and alternative therapy and Chinese herbal medicine is their usual choice.

Through a randomized controlled trial (RCT), McRorie et al[7] found that Psyllium, an herb, was superior to docusate sodium, a laxative, for the treatment of chronic constipation. Two systematic reviews reported that Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) was effective in treating constipation[8-9]. But they were not clear whether herbs improve bowel movement, increase the frequency of voluntary defecation or alleviate symptoms of constipation. Some people even have concerns about the safety of Chinese herbs. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM on efficacy rate, global symptoms, bowel movements and the Bristol Stool Scale score in patients with FC by summarizing current available RCTs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This systematic review was conducted following the guideline of Preferred reporting items for systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement[10].

Eligibility criteria

Studies meeting the following criteria will be included: (1) Participants: patients met established diagnostic criteria of FC, including Rome I, II, III, IV criteria, without restrictions for age, sex, ethnicity or setting type; (2) Type of studies: only randomized controlled trials were eligible; (3) Type of intervention: studies compared any CHM with Western medicine (WM) or placebo. For studies using other agents as the third arm, only the two arms using CHM would be included for analysis; and (4) Type of outcome measurements: the efficacy rate (ER); the frequency of bowel movement (BM); the assessments of the global symptom (GS); the score of the Bristol Stool Scale (BSS); the recurrence rate (RR) within follow-up, and reported adverse effects (AEs).

Exclusion criteria

Trials were excluded: (1) Did not meet the criteria above; (2) Involved animal studies or in vitro studies; (3) Case series or reviews and conference abstracts; (4) Valid original data were unable to obtain even when contacting the author; and (5) Similar studies were reported without additional data to analyze and extract.

Search strategy and study selection

MEDLINE, Embase, SinoMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database and China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) were searched. An electronic search of the databases was performed from 1994, the year of the establishment of Rome criteria, up to June 2020, using the following search terms: (functional constipation) AND (Chinese herbal medicine OR Chinese traditional medicine OR Oriental medicine OR complementary medicine). We also hand-searched conference abstracts. Reference lists of all retrieved articles and reviews were screened as well. We limited the literature search to RCTs on human subjects. No language restrictions were used. Search strategies used for the Medline database were as Supplementary material 1. Two reviewers (Lyu Z and Bai Y) independently read the title and abstract to initially select the studies that meet the eligibility criteria. Further reading of the full text was used to determine the included studies. If the reviewers had different opinions, the third researcher (Zhong LL) made the final decision.

Data extraction

Two reviewers (Lyu Z and Bai Y) independently extracted data on participant characteristics from the selected studies in a standardized data extraction form. We extracted the following information from each included article: first author, year of publication, publication language, number of participants, participant characteristics, duration of intervention and follow-up period, number of dropouts, controlled intervention and outcome data. Authors of trials were contacted for missing data and additional information. Any disparities between the two reviewers were discussed and resolved by consensus.

Definition of outcomes

The ER was considered a primary outcome. The frequency of BM, the assessments of the GS, the score of the BSS, the RR within follow-up and reported AEs were considered to be secondary outcomes.

ER: To access the efficacy of CHM on the number of participants with any self-assessed relief of constipation symptoms.

BM: To determine the efficacy of CHM on the frequency of BM per week, e.g., 4 times/week.

GS: To assess the efficacy of CHM on the number of participants with any self-assessed relief of global symptoms (including symptoms other than constipation).

BSS: To assess the efficacy of CHM on the number of participants with normal stool evaluated by Bristol Stool Scale ("soft sausage shape, soft lumps, muddy and watery stools" as normal stools).

RR: Recurrence means aggravation of constipation symptoms or reduction of BM to an untreated condition or less within the period of followed-up.

AEs: Including adverse events and clinical laboratory evaluations.

Risk of bias assessment

Two review authors (Lyu Z and Bai Y) assessed potential risks of bias for all included studies using Cochrane’s tool for assessing the risk of bias. The tool assesses bias in six different domains: Sequence generation; allocation concealment; blinding of participants, personnel and outcome assessors; incomplete outcome data; selective outcome reporting; and other sources of bias. Each domain receives a score of high, low or unclear depending on each review author’s judgment. A third review author (Zhong LL) acted as an adjudicator in the event of a disagreement. Where doubt existed as to a potential risk of bias, we contacted the study authors for clarification. Results were tabulated into a "risk of bias graph" and a "risk of bias summary table".

Data synthesis

In this meta-analysis, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered as the effect size for dichotomous outcomes; mean differences (MD) with 95%CI were calculated as the effect size for continuous outcomes. Forest plots were produced to visually assess the effect size and corresponding 95%CI using random-effects models. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed via the forest plot, while I values described the total variation between studies. When I values > 50%, it indicates high heterogeneity[11]. Subgroup analyses were used to explore and interpret the sources of heterogeneity; to evaluate whether the effects were modified by treatment characteristics and study quality, we specified it based on CHM ingredients, western medicine treatment and high-quality study. We used sensitivity analyses to explore the sources of high heterogeneity. Funnel plots, Begg’s test, and Egger’s test would be adopted to detect publication bias only when at least 10 studies were reporting the primary outcomes[12]. Statistical analysis was performed with RevMan software (version 5.4; The NordicCochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration), and STATA software, version 13.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).

RESULTS

The meta-analysis outcomes of each outcome and subgroup are reported in Table 1.

Table 1

Summary of meta-analysis results

Outcomes	No. of studies in meta-analysis	No. of participants		Results			Heterogeneity
		T	C	OR/MD	95%CI	P value	Chi- square test	I2	P value
ER	97	4455	4238	3.62	(3.19, 4.11)	< 0.00001	85.79	0%	0.76
PEG	31	1429	1399	2.42	(1.91, 3.08)	< 0.00001	28.03	0%	0.57
Mosapride	21	881	834	3.49	(2.67, 4.56)	< 0.00001	14.87	0%	0.78
Lactulose	24	1102	1018	3.71	(2.86, 4.82)	< 0.00001	11.17	0%	0.98
Phenolphthalein	7	294	287	4.59	(2.71, 7.76)	< 0.00001	1.13	0%	0.98
Probiotics	8	410	362	4.95	(3.21, 7.65)	< 0.00001	0.63	0%	1
Placebo	6	339	338	7.09	(4.83, 10.43)	< 0.00001	4.84	0%	0.44
GS	78	3438	3288	4.03	(3.49, 4.65)	< 0.00001	70.74	0%	0.68
PEG	26	1078	1038	2.69	(2.06, 3.51)	< 0.00001	21.54	0%	0.66
Mosapride	17	714	673	3.98	(2.93, 5.41)	< 0.00001	10.92	0%	0.81
Lactulose	23	1046	978	3.89	(2.97, 5.09)	< 0.00001	8.08	0%	1
Phenolphthalein	1	57	57	5.85	(1.22, 28.05)	0.03	-	-	-
Probiotics	6	234	234	6.21	(3.60, 10.70)	< 0.00001	1.83	0%	0.87
Placebo	5	309	308	8.4	(5.64, 12.52)	< 0.00001	3.87	0%	0.42
BM	15	663	652	0.83	(0.67, 0.98)	< 0.00001	71.74	80%	< 0.00001
PEG	6	264	258	0.65	(0.28, 1.02)	0.0006	37.91	87%	< 0.00001
Mosapride	5	215	210	0.94	(0.64, 1.24)	< 0.00001	15.43	74%	0.004
Lactulose	1	55	55	0.98	(0.81, 1.15)	< 0.00001	-	-	-
Phenolphthalein	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Probiotics	1	30	30	0.61	(0.39, 0.83)	-	-	-	-
Placebo	2	99	99	0.99	(0.87, 1.11)	< 0.00001	0	0%	1
BSS	7	303	284	1.63	(1.15, 2.32)	0.006	1.77	0%	0.94
PEG	4	187	183	1.48	(0.96, 2.28)	0.15	1.16	0%	0.76
Mosapride	2	60	61	1.88	(0.79, 4.44)	0.15	0.01	0%	0.92
Lactulose	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phenolphthalein	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Probiotics	1	56	40	2.07	(0.90, 4.74)	0.09	-	-	-
Placebo	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Recurrence	5	137	78	0.47	(0.22, 0.99)	0.05	4.42	9%	0.35
PEG	1	27	25	0.66	(0.20, 2.13)	0.49	-	-	-
Mosapride	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Lactulose	1	42	40	0.31	(0.10, 0.91)	0.03	-	-	-
Phenolphthalein	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Probiotics	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Placebo	3	68	13	0.5	(0.08, 3.19)	0.46	3.47	42%	0.18

Ps: Data were meta-analyzed by using a random-effects model and are presented as OR or MD as appropriate. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed by using the chi-square test and quantified by using the I2 statistic. ER: Efficacy rate; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; GS: Global symptom; BM: Bowel movement; BSS: Bristol Stool Scale; RR: Recurrence rate; AEs: Adverse effects.

Studies selection

There were 1764 studies via electronic databases and 12 trials by supplementary retrieval of reference lists of relevant literature. After the deletion of duplicate records, 1232 trials were screened, and 1078 trials were excluded by reviewing titles and abstracts. The remaining 154 trials were reviewed by full text. Ultimately, 97 trials involving 8693 FC patients were included in this work. The selection process of research was detailed by the PRISMA flow diagram as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Flow diagram of study selection.

Description of trials identified

Ninety-seven studies were included based on the eligibility criteria in this work. The characteristics of the included studies are summarized in Table 1. As shown in Table 2, five studies[13,26,35,40,108] were published in English, the others in Chinese. Five studies[17,50,68,72,77] included patients using the Rome II criteria, 15 studies[16,25,36,38,42,44,49,58,62,63,67,82,83,90,95] using the Rome IV criteria, whereas the other 70 studies using Rome III criteria. The intervention of the treatment group was reported as CHM, and the ingredients were shown in Supplementary material 2. Besides, 6 types of intervention of the control group included PEG, mosapride, lactulose, phenolphthalein, probiotics and placebo. Duration in the retrieved studies ranged from 1 to 8 wk. Efficacy rate was reported in 97 studies and the global symptom was available in 69 studies. Bowel movement was reported in 15 studies. The recurrence rate within the follow-up period was reported in 5 studies. Bristol Stool Scale was available in 7 studies while adverse effects of CHM were reported in 26 studies. Characteristics of the included trials are listed in Table 2 and quality evaluations of the included trials are shown in Table 2 and Figure 2.

Table 2

Characteristics of the included studies

Study	Language	Inclusion criteria	No. of participants	Age median (range)	Intervention of treatment group	Intervention of control group	Duration in wk	Assessment of outcomes	Follow-up in mo	Dropout (T/C)	Cochrane
Bian et al[13], 2014	English	Rome III	120	55.6 (18-75)	CHM	Placebo	8	ER, BM, GS, ARs, RR	2	1/1	A
Bin et al[14], 2011	Chinese	Rome III	61	67.4 (60-85)	CHM	Mosapride	2	ER, BM, BSS, GS	NA	NA	B
Bu et al[15], 2019	Chinese	Rome III	57	57.9 (40-85)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Cai et al[16], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	60	48.2 (45-78)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Cao et al[17], 2012	Chinese	Rome II	60	36.7 (18-65)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Chen et al[18], 2011	Chinese	Rome III	76	74.3 (60-92)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Chen et al[19], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	70	31.9 (28-75)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Chen et al[20], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	120	69.3 (60-75)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Chen et al[21], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	88	25.1 (17-55)	CHM	Mosapride	3	ER, GS	2	NA	B
Chen et al[22], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	112	62.5 (51-70)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, BM, GS	NA	1/1	B
Chen et al[23], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	120	49.2 (25-77)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	1	NA	B
Chen et al[24], 2020	Chinese	Rome III	88	66.9 (60-75)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, RR	1	2/4	B
Chen et al[25], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	160	48.3 (37-52)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Cheng et al[26], 2010	English	Rome III	120	33.5 (18-65)	CHM	Placebo	8	ER, BM, GS, ARs, RR	2	9/8	A
Cheng et al[27], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	100	52.6 (23-67)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER,GS	3	NA	C
Chi et al[28], 2010	Chinese	Rome III	70	NA	CHM	Peg	4	ER, BM, GS	NA	0/1	B
Deng et al[29], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	96	70.2 (50-85)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	1	3/3	B
Dou et al[30], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	90	58.7 (45-72)	CHM	Lactulose	3	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Fu et al[31], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	60	42.8 (18-65)	CHM	Probiotics	4	ER, BM, GS	NA	NA	B
Gao et al[32], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	60	55.7 (18-70)	CHM	Peg	8	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Gao et al[33], 2015	Chinese	Rome III	80	58.3 (20-70)	CHM	Peg	2	ER, BM, GS	NA	NA	B
Gu et al[34], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	60	45.1 (21-60)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, BSS, ARs	NA	0/1	B
Guo et al[35], 2010	English	Rome II	70	64.7 (21-79)	CHM	Placebo	4	ER, GS, RR, RR	NA	NA	B
Guo et al[36], 2018	Chinese	Rome IV	60	61.8 (18-80)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	1/1	B
He et al[37], 2015	Chinese	Rome III	80	71.4 (60-79)	CHM	Peg	2	ER, BM, GS	2	NA	B
He et al[38], 2019	Chinese	Rome IV	120	72.5 (65-80)	CHM	Peg	2	ER, GS, ARs	2	NA	B
Hu et al[39], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	238	3.84 (1-14)	CHM	Placebo	1	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Huang et al[40], 2012	English	Rome III	60	71.8 (60-85)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Hui et al[41], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	62	68.1 (55-90)	CHM	Lactulose		ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	NA
Jiang et al[42], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	72	51.6 (22-73)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Jiao et al[43], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	120	58.7 (50-70)	CHM	Placebo	1	ER, GS	NA	0/4	C
Kong et al[44], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	100	69.4 (60-83)	CHM	Mosapride	2	ER, GS	1	1/3	B
Lai et al[45], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	90	NA	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Li et al[46], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	60	49.7 (18-65)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Li et al[47], 2015	Chinese	Rome III	166	51.9 (18-65)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, ARs	2	NA	B
Li et al[48], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	160	47.2 (23-68)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, BM	NA	0/6	B
Li et al[49], 2019	Chinese	Rome IV	120	55.1 (49-63)	CHM	Mosapride	2	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Lin et al[50], 2009	Chinese	Rome II	120	68.5 (65-80)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, ARs	NA	NA	C
Lin et al[51], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	80	47.1 (20-60)	CHM	Mosapride	6	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Liu et al[52], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	66	49.6 (18-75)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	0/3	B
Liu et al[53], 2017	Chinese	Rome III	60	51.9 (18-65)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Liu et al[54], 2017	Chinese	Rome III	120	53.7 (45-64)	CHM	Lactulose	2.1	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Liu et al[55], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	244	2.6 (1-14)	CHM	Probiotics	4	ER	NA	NA	B
Lv et al[56], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	280	67.1 (19-82)	CHM	Peg	3	ER	6	NA	B
Lv et al[57], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	80	54.9 (20-71)	CHM	Probiotics	1	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Mu et al[58], 2019	Chinese	Rome IV	90	68.7 (62-81)	CHM	Peg	2	ER, GS, BSS	NA	NA	B
Qian et al[59], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	80	46.3 (18-65)	CHM	Mosapride	8	ER, GS, ARs	NA	2/4	B
Que et al[60], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	80	45.8 (16-70)	CHM	Lactulose	8	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Ren et al[61], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	60	47.6 (18-65)	CHM	Peg	8	ER, GS, RR	1	NA	B
Shao et al[62], 2019	Chinese	Rome IV	100	67.9 (65-80)	CHM	Mosapride	2	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Su et al[63], 2019	Chinese	Rome IV	96	71.5 (64-78)	CHM	Mosapride	2	ER, BM	1	NA	B
Sui et al[64], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	120	54.9 (18-79)	CHM	Probiotics	2	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Sun et al[65], 2011	Chinese	Rome III	80	68.3 (60-80)	CHM	Mosapride	1	ER, BM, GS	NA	NA	B
Tao et al[66], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	60	NA	CHM	Peg	4	ER	NA	NA	B
Wang et al[67], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	94	69.3 (66-85)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, BM, GS	2	5/5	B
Wang et al[68], 2004	Chinese	Rome II	90	64.5 (56-75)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	4	ER	NA	NA	B
Wang et al[69], 2011	Chinese	Rome III	156	60.7 (NA)	CHM	Peg	2	ER, GS, BSS	NA	NA	B
Wang et al[70], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	112	73.6 (65-82)	CHM	Lactulose	3	ER, ARs	NA	0/12	B
Wang et al[71], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	60	1.9 (1-7)	CHM	Probiotics	8	ER	3	NA	B
Wang et al[72], 2015	Chinese	Rome II	116	66.7 (55-75)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	4	ER, GS	NA	1/1	B
Wu et al[73], 2008	Chinese	Rome III	54	76.4 (60-84)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	1/0	B
Wu et al[74], 2009	Chinese	Rome III	60	55.9 (50-75)	CHM	Probiotics	4	ER, GS, ARs	6	NA	B
Wu et al[75], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	60	56.3 (45-75)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, BM, ARs	NA	4/3	B
Wu et al[76], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	60	49.4 (NA)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	2	ER	NA	NA	B
Xin et al[77], 2008	Chinese	Rome II	130	66.8 (60-88)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	4	ER	NA	0/5	B
Xin et al[78], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	70	69.7 (60-85)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	4	ER	NA	NA	B
Xu et al[79], 2013	Chinese	Rome III	82	70.3 (NA)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Xu et al[80], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	70	47.2 (18-75)	CHM	Peg	8	ER, GS	NA	5/5	B
Xu et al[81], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	80	41.8 (18-54)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	1	8/10	B
Xu et al[82], 2019	Chinese	Rome IV	60	42.3 (25-64)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS	3	NA	B
Yan et al[83], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	80	46.7 (16-70)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	2	NA	B
Yan et al[84], 2013	Chinese	Rome II	258	82.2 (80-93)	CHM	Peg	4	ER	NA	NA	B
Yan et al[85], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	60	43.1 (32-62)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS, BSS	1	NA	B
Yang et al[86], 2008	Chinese	Rome III	80	67.4 (60-82)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Yang et al[87], 2012	Chinese	Rome III	66	71.5 (NA)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	2	ER	NA	2/2	C
Yang et al[88], 2015	Chinese	Rome III	80	54.9 (NA)	CHM	Probiotics	4	ER, GS, BSS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Yao et al[89], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	160	66.1 (60-80)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Ye et al[90], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	120	57.8 (18-78)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Ye et al[91], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	60	68.4 (60-85)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Yuan et al[92], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	64	47.4 (30-75)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS, ARs	1	NA	B
Zeng et al[93], 2017	Chinese	Rome III	88	47.2 (18-65)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, BM, GS	3	1/3	B
Zhan et al[94], 2016	Chinese	Rome III	60	56.3 (18-75)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Zhang et al[95], 2020	Chinese	Rome IV	80	44.5 (18-65)	CHM	Lactulose	4	ER, GS, ARs	3	5/5	B
Zhang et al[96], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	64	56.7 (18-75)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, ARs	NA	NA	B
Zhang et al[97], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	104	68.2 (60-80)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS, ARs	1	NA	B
Zhang et al[98], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	90	65.3 (NA)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Zhang et al[99], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	60	72.4 (60-85)	CHM	Phenolphthalein	4	ER	NA	NA	C
Zhang et al[100], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	106	33.5 (24-58)	CHM	Mosapride	8	ER, BM	1	0/2	B
Zhang et al[101], 2019	Chinese	Rome III	68	41.7 (19-69)	CHM	Probiotics	4	ER, GS	3	NA	B
Zhao et al[102], 2009	Chinese	Rome III	76	42.4 (NA)	CHM	Mosapride	2	ER, GS	1	11/11	B
Zhao et al[103], 2014	Chinese	Rome III	76	56.7 (15-80)	CHM	Peg	4	ER, GS	NA	NA	C
Zhao et al[104], 2015	Chinese	Rome III	68	51.4 (18-70)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	NA	B
Zhao et al[105], 2015	Chinese	Rome III	100	4.2 (1-14)	CHM	Lactulose	8	ER, GS	14	1/2	B
Zhao et al[106], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	90	53.7 (23-67)	CHM	Lactulose	8	ER, GS	NA	NA	B
Zhao et al[107], 2019	Chinese	Rome III	66	68.4 (65-84)	CHM	Peg	3	ER, BSS	3	0/1	C
Zhong et al[108], 2018	English	Rome III	194	44.6 (18-70)	CHM	Placebo	8	ER, BM, GS, ARs	2	3/7	A
Zhou et al[109], 2018	Chinese	Rome III	80	51.3 (30-70)	CHM	Mosapride	4	ER, GS, ARs	NA	7/9	B

CHM: Chinese herbal medicine; PEG: Polyethylene glycol; ER: Efficacy rate; BM: Bowel movement; GS: Global symptom; BSS: Bristol Stool Scale; RR: Recurrence rate; AEs: Adverse effects; A: Methodology with a low risk of bias; B: Methodology with an unclear risk of bias; C: Methodology with a high risk of bias.

Figure 2

Risk of bias graph with the studies comparing Chinese herbal medicine with PEG/mosapride/lactulose/phenolphthalein/probiotics/placebo for the treatment of FC.

Risk of bias

Among the 97 studies included, 3 trials[13,26,108] were found to be of high methodological quality. Thirteen trials[18,27,43,46,50,57,60,79,87,98,99,103,107] were deemed to have a high risk of bias. All trials mentioned “random” in terms of allocation, but 12 trials[18,43,46,50,57,60,79,87,98,99,103,107] didn’t describe the specific method of randomization. Five trials[13,26,53,61,108] described allocation concealment and used blinding of participants, personnel or outcome assessors. Drop-outs and withdrawals were reported in 5 trials[13,19,24,26,108] which just left out the cases without qualified result data. We considered 8 trials[18,50,57,60,79,98,103,107] to be of selective reporting bias as these trials failed to report all the prespecified outcomes mentioned in their method section. Other potential sources of bias considered in all included studies were unclear. Therefore, study methodologies were incompletely described in majorities. The result of the assessment was showed in Figure 2, and the detail was showed in Supplementary material 3.

Efficacy rate

Ninety-seven studies measured ER (89.9%; 4007/4455) patients in the Chinese herbal medicine treatment group and 72.7% (3079/4238) patients with western medicine were measured. Results from 97 studies showed the treatment for FC was significantly in favor of CHM (OR: 3.62, 95%CI: 3.19-4.11, P < 0.00001) (Table 1 and Figure 3). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.76).

Figure 3

Forest plot of randomized controlled trials in patients with functional constipation comparing Chinese herbal medicine with PEG/mosapride/lactulose/ phenolphthalein/ probiotics/ placebo. Odds ratio (95%CIs) for effective rate are shown.

In the subgroup analysis, CHM had a significant effect compared with PEG (OR: 2.42, 95%CI: 1.91-3.08, P < 0.00001), mosapride (OR: 3.49, 95%CI: 2.67-4.56, P < 0.00001), lactulose (OR: 3.71, 95%CI: 2.86-4.82, P < 0.00001), phenolphthalein (OR: 4.59, 95%CI: 2.71-7.76, P < 0.00001), probiotics (OR: 4.95, 95%CI: 3.21-7.65, P < 0.00001), and specifically compared with placebo (OR: 7.09, 95%CI: 4.83-10.43, P < 0.00001). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies in each subgroup (Table 1 and Figure 3).

Global symptom

Seventy-eight studies measured GS, and the results showed the treatment for FC was significantly in favor of CHM (OR: 4.03, 95%CI: 3.49-4.65, P < 0.00001) (Table 1 and Supplementary material 4). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.68). In the subgroup analysis, CHM had a significant effect compared with PEG (OR: 2.69, 95%CI: 2.06-3.51, P < 0.00001), mosapride (OR: 3.98, 95%CI: 2.93-5.41, P < 0.00001), lactulose (OR: 3.89, 95%CI: 2.97-5.09, P < 0.00001), probiotics (OR: 6.21, 95%CI: 3.60-10.70, P < 0.00001), and specifically compared with placebo (OR: 8.40, 95%CI: 5.64-12.52, P < 0.00001). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies in each subgroup (Table 1 and Supplementary material 4). However, there was only one study that compared the global symptom between CHM and phenolphthalein (OR: 5.85, 95%CI: 1.22-28.05).

Bowel movement

Fifteen studies measured BM. Results from 15 studies showed the treatment for FC was significantly in favor of CHM (MD 0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-0.98, P < 0.00001) (Table 1 and Figure 4). There was significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 80%, P < 0.00001).

Figure 4

Forest plot of randomized controlled trials in patients with functional constipation comparing Chinese herbal medicine with PEG/mosapride/lactulose/probiotics/placebo. Mean differences (95%CIs) for bowel movement are shown.

In the subgroup analysis, CHM had a significant effect compared with PEG (MD 0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-0.98, P < 0.0006), mosapride (MD 0.65, 95%CI: 0.28-1.02, P < 0.00001), and specifically compared with placebo (MD 0.99, 95%CI: 0.87-1.11, P < 0.00001). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies in the placebo subgroup (Table 1 and Figure 4). However, there was only one study that compared CHM with lactulose (MD 0.98, 95%CI: 0.81-1.15, P < 0.00001), and probiotics (MD 0.61, 95%CI: 0.39-0.83, P < 0.00001). No study in the phenolphthalein subgroup.

Bristol stool scale

A total of 7 studies compared CHM with western medicine and reported the Bristol Stool Scale. The results showed the treatment for FC was significantly in favor of CHM (OR: 1.63, 95%CI: 1.15-2.32, P < 0.006) (Table 1 and Supplementary material 5). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.94).

In the subgroup analysis, CHM had no significant effect compared with PEG (OR: 1.48, 95%CI: 0.96-2.28, P = 0.15) and mosapride (OR: 1.88, 95%CI: 0.79-4.44, P = 0.15). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies in the two subgroups (Table 1 and Supplementary material 5). However, there was only one study that compared CHM with probiotics (OR: 2.07, 95%CI: 0.90-4.74, P = 0.09).

Recurrence rate

Five studies compared CHM with western medicine and reported the RR. The results showed CHM was not superior to western medicine in controlling the recurrence rate of FC (OR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.22-0.99, P = 0.05) (Table 1 and Figure 5). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 9%, P = 0.35).

Figure 5

Comparison of Chinese herbal medicine Odds ratio (95%CIs) for recurrence rate are shown.

In the subgroup analysis, CHM had no significant effect compared with placebo (OR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.08-3.19, P = 0.46). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies in this subgroup (Table 1 and Figure 5). However, there was only one study that compared CHM with PEG (OR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.20-2.13, P = 0.49), and lactulose (OR: 0.31, 95% CI 0.10-0.91, P = 0.03) (Table 1 and Figure 5).

Adverse events

Ten trials[13,17,19,26,33,38,46,79,81,90] reported digestive symptoms when using CHM, including abdominal pain or bloating, nausea, stomach discomfort, diarrhea and passing of gas. There were also other adverse effects recorded in CHM groups, such as headache[17,81], transient hypertension[35] and insomnia[81]. While 21 studies[13,15,19,25,26,29,33,35,38-39,46,54,55,68,70,79,81,85,86,94,107] had digestive symptoms in Western medicine group and these mainly occurred when using mosapride and lactulose.

Subgroup analysis

Three studies were evaluated as high quality with a low risk of bias in their methodology. Their compared CHM with western medicine and reported ER. Results showed the treatment for FC was significantly in favor of CHM (OR: 2.89, 95%CI: 1.29-6.46, P < 0.01) (Table 1 and Figure 6). There was no significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.94).

Figure 6

Forest plot of high-quality randomized controlled trials in patients with functional constipation. Odds ratio (95%CIs) for effective rate are shown.

Two CHM ingredients commonly used in the treatment of functional constipation, Cannabis Fructus and Cistanche, were analyzed in a subgroup by measuring ER. In the Cannabis Fructus subgroup, the results showed Cannabis Fructus had no significant effect compared with western medicine (OR: 1.88, 95%CI: 0.97-3.65, P = 0.06). There was significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 61%, P = 0.08) (Supplementary material 1 and Figure 7). In the Cistanche subgroup, the results showed Cistanche had a significant effect compared with western medicine (OR: 3.49, 95%CI: 2.76-4.41, P < 0.0001). There was significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 0%, P = 0.71) (Supplementary material 1 and Figure 8).

Figure 7

Comparison of Odds ratio (95%CIs) for effective rate are shown.

Figure 8

Comparison of Odds ratio (95%CIs) for effective rate are shown.

Publication bias and sensitivity analyses

Visual inspection of funnel plots (Figure 9), Begg’s test (P = 0.31), and Egger’s test (P = 0.26) revealed no evidence of publication bias for the examined primary outcomes. We did sensitivity analyses by excluding seven trials[17,19,64,76,87,96,103] using the decoction; the outcome showed that the results did not change.

Figure 9

Funnel plots of comparison between Chinese herbal medicine and western medicine.

DISCUSSION

A total of 97 RCTs involving 8693 patients with FC were recruited in the review. Pooled data showed a tendency for improvement of clinical efficacy in the CHM group, compared with most Western medicine, such as PEG, mosapride, lactulose, phenolphthalein, probiotics and placebo. The results showed that CHM was significantly superior to western medicines in improving efficacy rate, the frequency of bowel movement, global symptom assessment, and Bristol Stool Scale score of FC. However, there was significant heterogeneity between the 7 studies that reported the frequency of bowel movement (I2 = 80%, P < 0.00001). Besides, five studies compared CHM with western medicine and reported the recurrence rate showed the treatment for functional constipation was not significantly in favor of CHM.

Our study found that CHM treatment of FC significantly improved physical symptoms, including constipation-related symptoms (abdominal distension, reduced bowel frequency, difficulty defecating) and systemic symptoms (dry mouth, insomnia, and dyspepsia), compared to Western medicine or placebo. Similar findings have been found in related studies[110,111]: They found that herbal medicine can produce synergistic therapeutic effects, such as spasmolytic, tonifying, wind-repelling, anti-inflammatory and local analgesia. We believe that TCM can effectively address the challenge of simultaneously addressing multiple symptoms other than constipation faced by Western medicine in the treatment of FC. However, how to evaluate and quantify the improvement of functional constipation symptoms from the perspective of TCM. Huang et al[112,113] proposed the use of Multidimensional Item Response Theory to solve the problem of standardized results of TCM symptoms.

The normal frequency of defecation is 3 to 21 times per week[114,115]. A recent meta-analysis showed that osmotic and irritant laxatives increased stool frequency by 2.5 times per week in patients with FC[116]. Our study found that CHM had a significant effect compared with PEG (MD 0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-0.98, P < 0.0006). However, six studies were included in this meta-analysis, and significant heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 87%, P < 0.00001). The strong conclusion that CHM improves defecation frequency needs to be validated by more high-quality studies. At the same time, we found that many current RCTs recorded stool frequency, but translated into effective results at the time of reporting. This leads to a lack of detailed data on stool frequency. Our study, therefore, suggests that similar future studies should report detailed stool frequency and compare them to baseline, such as Zhong et al’s study[108].

Despite beneficial findings from meta-analyses, the results of these trials should be interpreted with caution due to the generally low methodological quality of the included studies. Although only RCTs were included, with insufficient information on how the random allocation was generated and/or concealed in most studies, it was uncertain about selection bias. Secondly, considering clinical efficacy was a subjective index and it could introduce performance bias and detection bias without blinding participants, healthcare providers and assessors. Thirdly, missing data due to attrition or exclusions was found in some studies but only a few handled it appropriately. Finally, protocols were not available to confirm free of selective reporting. For all these reasons, further validation of the findings is necessary. Besides, longer follow-up (> 12 wk) is necessary taking the placebo effect into account[117].

For the safety of CHM, adverse effects were reported, such as abdominal pain or bloating, nausea, stomach discomfort, diarrhea and passing of gas. But there were only 12.4% (12/97) of studies mentioned the safety of interventions or the AEs investigated as one of the main outcome indicators. In addition, many traditional Chinese medicines have been widely used by Chinese traditional medicine practitioners for nearly two millennia. This supports their security. Therefore, more attention should be paid to recording and reporting the harmful effects of these interventions.

Limitation

We searched main English and Chinese databases under well-designed searching strategies and made the comparison between CHM and different WM therapies clearer. There are several limitations to this systematic review. Firstly, missing articles that might be relevant. Although we searched through databases and did not limit the language of the article, we may still miss relevant articles in regional journals. Because the articles published in these regional magazines are not included in the database we searched. Secondly, most of the studies we included were published only in Chinese, which limited readers' review of the original research. This situation may be improved with the worldwide promotion of CHM. Thirdly, the studies we included were all conducted in the Asian region so the extrapolation of these results is limited by geography.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, in this meta-analysis, we found that CHM may have potential benefits in increasing the number of bowel movements, improving stool characteristics, and alleviating global symptoms in FC patients. However, a firm conclusion could not be reached because of the poor quality of the included trials. Well-designed and high-quality reported RCTs are needed to confirm more definitive conclusions in the future.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Well-designed and high-quality reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to confirm more definitive conclusions in the future.

Research motivation

A firm conclusion could not be reached because of the poor quality of the included trials.

Research objectives

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) may have potential benefits in increasing the number of bowel movements, improving stool characteristics and alleviating global symptoms in functional constipation (FC) patients.

Research methods

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM on efficacy rate, global symptoms, bowel movements, and the Bristol Stool Scale score in patients with FC by summarizing current available RCTs.

Research results

This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM in patients with FC.

Research conclusions

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of CHM in patients with FC.

Research perspectives

FC is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disease.