Junko Niimura1, Miharu Nakanishi2,3, Syudo Yamasaki1, Shuntaro Ando4, Sho Kanata5, Shinya Fujikawa4, Yuko Morimoto6, Kaori Endo1, Mariko Hiraiwa-Hasegawa7, Kiyoto Kasai4, Atsushi Nishida1. 1. Mental Health Promotion Unit, Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan. 2. Mental Health Promotion Unit, Research Center for Social Science & Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan. mnakanishi-tky@umin.ac.jp. 3. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. mnakanishi-tky@umin.ac.jp. 4. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan. 5. Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan. 6. Department of Psychology, Ube Frontier University, 2-1-1 Bunkyodai, Ube City, Yamaguchi, 755-0805, Japan. 7. School of Advanced Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the association between parenting stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and use of physical punishment when the child is 10 years old. METHODS: Data from the Tokyo Early Adolescence Survey on early adolescents and primary caregivers (N = 4478) were used. Frequency of using physical punishment, level of depressive symptoms (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 6), and maternal parenting stress experienced at 1, 3, 9, 18, and 36 months after birth were evaluated. Multiple linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Mothers (1633) who provided information on parenting stress at all the five points were included for the analysis. After controlling for the child's age, sex, birth weight, maternal age, and annual household income, presence of maternal parenting stress at every time point, except at three months after birth, was significantly associated with an increased risk of using physical punishment with the 10-year-old. After adjusting for levels of depressive symptoms, significant associations were found between use of physical punishment and maternal parenting stress at 1 month (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.12-2.61) and 36 months (adjusted OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.10-2.61) after birth. CONCLUSION: Maternal parenting stress experienced at 1 and 36 months after birth predicted use of physical punishment, even after adjusting for maternal depressive symptoms. Maternal support should, therefore, be provided to mothers to cope with parenting stress even three years after birth to prevent the use of physical punishment in early adolescence.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the association between parenting stress, maternal depressive symptoms, and use of physical punishment when the child is 10 years old. METHODS: Data from the Tokyo Early Adolescence Survey on early adolescents and primary caregivers (N = 4478) were used. Frequency of using physical punishment, level of depressive symptoms (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 6), and maternal parenting stress experienced at 1, 3, 9, 18, and 36 months after birth were evaluated. Multiple linear and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Mothers (1633) who provided information on parenting stress at all the five points were included for the analysis. After controlling for the child's age, sex, birth weight, maternal age, and annual household income, presence of maternal parenting stress at every time point, except at three months after birth, was significantly associated with an increased risk of using physical punishment with the 10-year-old. After adjusting for levels of depressive symptoms, significant associations were found between use of physical punishment and maternal parenting stress at 1 month (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.12-2.61) and 36 months (adjusted OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.10-2.61) after birth. CONCLUSION: Maternal parenting stress experienced at 1 and 36 months after birth predicted use of physical punishment, even after adjusting for maternal depressive symptoms. Maternal support should, therefore, be provided to mothers to cope with parenting stress even three years after birth to prevent the use of physical punishment in early adolescence.
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Authors: Rachel M Latham; Emma Quilter; Louise Arseneault; Andrea Danese; Terrie E Moffitt; Joanne B Newbury; Helen L Fisher Journal: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Date: 2020-09-08 Impact factor: 4.328