| Literature DB >> 35785123 |
Helder de Souza Miyahara1, Lucas Verissimo Ranzoni1, Leandro Ejnisman1, José Ricardo Negreiros Vicente1, Alberto Tesconi Croci1, Henrique Melo de Campos Gurgel1.
Abstract
Among the pathologies that affect the hip joint, osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is probably the most intriguing and challenging. It consists of a multifactorial disease with a highly-variable spectrum in its clinical presentation. It has a devastating effect, due to disabling painful conditions, both for usual activities and sports. Given the huge range of risk factors, such as prolonged use of corticosteroids (especially in cases of rheumatologic diseases), trauma sequelae, sickle cell anemia, HIV, alcoholism, smoking, blood dyscrasias, and several other diseases that compromise the blood supply to the femoral head, ONFH has a varied clinical presentation and prognosis, which makes it difficult to determine a specific treatment, especially in cases in which chondral involvement has not yet occurred and the hip joint is still preserved. These are the main factors found in the literature that determine the classifications of this pathology. The range of treatments includes several options for cases in which an attempt is made to save the joint: conservative treatment, traditional decompression and/or combined with some type of adjuvant treatment (homologous grafting, synthetic grafting, vascularized grafts, tantalum screws, and bone marrow aspirate injection), and, for cases in which there is already a subchondral fracture and/or collapse of the femoral head and/or a reduction in the joint space, femoral osteotomies or total hip arthroplasty are commonly performed. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: femur head/abnormalities; graft; hip descrompression; hip prosthesis; osteonecrosis
Year: 2022 PMID: 35785123 PMCID: PMC9246540 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736308
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Risk factors and most common diseases associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head
| - Trauma: femoral neck fracture, deviated or not, traumatic hip dislocation, occasionally inter- and subtrochanteric fractures, repetitive strain injury, pediatric patients undergoing intramedullary osteosynthesis with piriform entry |
| - Corticosteroids |
| - Alcoholism |
| - Smoking |
| - Hyperlipidemia |
| - Diabetes |
| - Pancreatitis and steatonecrosis |
| - Hemoglobinopathies and coagulation disorders: sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, Von Willebrand disease, factor V Leiden mutation, deficiency of proteins C and S, polycythemia vera, elevated serum lipoprotein levels, hyperhomocysteinemia |
| - Myeloproliferative disorders: Gaucher disease, leukemia |
| - Caisson disease and other decompression illnesses |
| - Systemic lupus erythematosus and its consequences: use of corticosteroids and other cytotoxic drugs, as well as vasculitis caused by the disease |
| - Antiphospholipid syndrome |
| - Disbarism |
| - Radiotherapy or chemotherapy |
| - Gout |
| - Acetabular anatomical changes |
| - HIV and its treatment: use of protease inhibitors |
| - Pregnancy |
| - Malignant tumors |
| - Inflammatory bowel disease |
| - Idiopathic |
Fig. 1( A ) Normal hip radiograph; ( B ) crescent sign; ( C ) flattening of the head; ( D ) tomography with head necrosis; ( E,F ) resonance with T1- and T2-weighted images with necrosis; ( G ) bone scintigraphy of the femoral head; ( H ) secondary degenerative changes.
Ficat and Arlet, ARCO and Kerboul classifications
| Ficat and Arlet | ARCO | Kerboul |
|---|---|---|
| 0 - Patient without pain, normal radiograph, scintigraphy with decreased uptake | 0 - Biopsy results consistent with osteonecrosis of the femoral head; other tests with normal results | Sum of head necrosis angles in coronal and sagittal views on magnetic resonance imaging: |
| 1 - Patient without pain, normal radiograph, cold spot scintigraphy in the head, bone infarction in the weight-bearing areas | 1 - Positive findings on scintigraphy or magnetic resonance imaging. | |
| 2 - Mild pain, change in radiological density, cysts and sclerosis, but head with preserved contour, hyperuptake scintigraphy, infarcted areas with spontaneous repair | 2 - Head sclerosis, cysts and osteopenia on radiographs; without | |
| 3 - Moderate pain, radiograph with loss of sphericity and crescent sign – subchondral fracture, hyperuptake scintigraphy | 3 - Crescent sign on anteroposterior and profile radiographs: | |
| 4 - Moderate/severe pain, acetabular changes and loss of joint space | 4 - Flat joint surface; narrowing of the joint space; acetabular changes, cysts, |
Abbreviation: ARCO, Association Research Circulation Osseus.
Fig. 2Treatments: ( A ) “light bulb” procedure; ( B ) decompression and synthetic grafting; ( C ) “trap door” procedure; ( D ) simple core decompression; ( F ) total hip arthroplasty; ( G ) Sugioka osteotomy; ( H ) vascularized graft.
Fig. 3Treatment flowchart.
Fatores de risco e doenças mais comuns associadas à osteonecrose da cabeça femoral
| - Trauma: fraturas do colo do fêmur, desviadas ou não, luxação traumática do quadril, eventualmente, fraturas inter e subtrocantéricas, lesão por esforço repetitivo, pacientes pediátricos submetidos a osteossíntese intramedular com entrada piriforme |
| - Corticosteroides |
| - Etilismo |
| - Tabagismo |
| - Hiperlipidemia |
| - Diabetes |
| - Pancreatite e esteatonecrose |
| - Hemoglobinopatias e distúrbios da coagulação: anemia falciforme, hemofilia, doença de Von Willebrand, mutação do fator V de Leiden, deficiência de proteínas C e S, policitemia vera, níveis elevados de lipoproteína sérica, hiperhomocisteinemia |
| - Distúrbios mieloproliferativos: doença de Gaucher, leucemia |
| - Doença de Caisson e outras doenças descompressivas |
| - Lupus eritematoso sistêmico e seus desdobramentos: uso de corticoides e outras drogas citotóxicas, assim como vasculite pela doença |
| - Síndrome antifosfolípide |
| - Disbarismo |
| - Radioterapia ou quimioterapia |
| - Gota |
| - Alterações anatômicas acetabulares |
| - HIV e seu tratamento: uso de inibidores de protease |
| - Gravidez |
| - Tumores malignos |
| - Doença inflamatória intestinal |
| - Idiopática |
Fig. 1( A ) Radiografia normal do quadril; ( B ) sinal do crescente; ( C ) achatamento da cabeça; ( D ) tomografia com necrose da cabeça; ( E,F ) ressonância com imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2 com necrose; ( G ) cintilografia óssea com captação na cabeça femoral; ( H ) alterações degenerativas secundárias.
Classificações de Ficat e Arlet, ARCO e Kerboul
| Ficat e Arlet | ARCO | Kerboul |
|---|---|---|
| 0 - Paciente sem dor, radiografia normal, cintilografia com captação diminuída | 0 - Resultados da biópsia consistentes com osteonecrose da cabeça femoral; outros testes com resultados normais | Somatória dos ângulos de necrose da cabeça nos cortes coronal e sagital da ressonância magnetica: |
| 1 - Paciente sem dor, radiografia normal, cintilografia com ponto frio na cabeça, infarto ósseo nas áreas de carga | 1 - Achados positivos na cintilografia ou ressonância. | |
| 2 - Dor leve, alteração de densidade radiológica, cistos e esclerose, mas cabeça com contorno preservado, cintilografia hipercaptante, áreas infartadas com reparo espontâneo | 2 - Esclerose da cabeça, cistos e osteopenia nas radiografias; sem | |
| 3 - Dor moderada, radiografia com perda da esfericidade e sinal do crescente – fratura subcondral, cintilografia hipercaptante | 3 - Sinal do crescente nas radiografias anteroposterior e de perfil: | |
| 4 - Dor moderada/grave, alterações acetabulares, e perda do espaço articular | 4 - Superfície articular achatada; estreitamento do espaço articular; alterações acetabulares, cistos, |
Abreviatura: ARCO, Association Research Circulation Osseus.
Fig. 2Tratamentos: ( A ) técnica light bulb ; ( B ) descompressão e enxertia sintética; ( C ) técnica trap door ; ( D ) descompressão simples; ( F ) artroplastia total do quadril; ( G ) osteotomia de Sugioka; ( H ) enxertia vascularizada.
Fig. 3Fluxograma do tratamento.