Dan Z Reinstein1,2,3,4,5, Timothy J Archer1,2, Ryan S Vida2. 1. Reinstein Vision. 2. London Vision Clinic, London, UK. 3. Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA. 4. Sorbonne Université, Paris, France. 5. School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As more devices become available that offer corneal epithelial thickness mapping, this is becoming more widely used for numerous applications in corneal refractive surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: The epithelial thickness profile is nonuniform in the normal eye, being thinner superiorly than inferiorly and thinner temporally than nasally. Changes in the epithelial thickness profile are highly predictable, responding to compensate for changes in the stromal curvature gradient, using the eyelid as an outer template. This leads to characteristic changes that can be used for early screening in keratoconus, postoperative monitoring for early signs of corneal ectasia, and for determining whether further steepening can be performed without the risk of apical syndrome following primary hyperopic treatment. Compensatory epithelial thickness changes are also a critical part of diagnosis in irregular astigmatism as these partially mask the stromal surface irregularities. The epithelial thickness map can then be used to plan a trans-epithelial PRK treatment for cases of irregularly irregular astigmatism. Other factors can also affect the epithelial thickness profile, including dry eye, anterior basement membrane dystrophy and eyelid ptosis. SUMMARY: Epithelial thickness mapping is becoming a crucial tool for refractive surgery, in particular for keratoconus screening, ectasia monitoring, hyperopic treatment planning, and therapeutic diagnosis and treatment.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As more devices become available that offer corneal epithelial thickness mapping, this is becoming more widely used for numerous applications in corneal refractive surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: The epithelial thickness profile is nonuniform in the normal eye, being thinner superiorly than inferiorly and thinner temporally than nasally. Changes in the epithelial thickness profile are highly predictable, responding to compensate for changes in the stromal curvature gradient, using the eyelid as an outer template. This leads to characteristic changes that can be used for early screening in keratoconus, postoperative monitoring for early signs of corneal ectasia, and for determining whether further steepening can be performed without the risk of apical syndrome following primary hyperopic treatment. Compensatory epithelial thickness changes are also a critical part of diagnosis in irregular astigmatism as these partially mask the stromal surface irregularities. The epithelial thickness map can then be used to plan a trans-epithelial PRK treatment for cases of irregularly irregular astigmatism. Other factors can also affect the epithelial thickness profile, including dry eye, anterior basement membrane dystrophy and eyelid ptosis. SUMMARY: Epithelial thickness mapping is becoming a crucial tool for refractive surgery, in particular for keratoconus screening, ectasia monitoring, hyperopic treatment planning, and therapeutic diagnosis and treatment.