Immunohistochemistry for VM Markers.

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the biological process by which aggressive cancer cells are able to organize themselves-independently from endothelial cells-into new vessel-like structures to sustain fast tumor perfusion and thus an efficient supply of oxygen and nutrients, required for rapid cancer growth and dissemination. In the last two decades, the molecular mechanisms and key regulators of VM have been identified. Several methods are currently available to detect VM both in vitro and in vivo, but the gold standard is still the immunohistochemical staining of specific antigens. Even though many markers are debated if belong to the angiogenic process or VM exclusively, the immunohistochemistry of CD31 and the PAS reaction often clarify in frozen or paraffin sections the pathologic status and the vasculature grade of a tumor mass.