| Literature DB >> 35756249 |
Jamie Shapiro1, Stewart I Donaldson1.
Abstract
One of the most important units of analysis for positive organizational psychology research is leaders and future leaders in the workplace. Leaders often have a large responsibility for and influence on the well-being and performance of their followers. They also face the unique challenge of serving their followers and the organization while needing to maintain their own vitality and well-being. Vitality can provide a foundation of energy resources to a leader to serve at their full capacity. This study develops and empirically examines a new three factor scale to measure leader vitality which includes physical, psychological, and emotional components. In study 1, a total of 175 participants (including n = 128 leaders) completed the Leader Vitality Scale (LVS) and other positive psychology related measures. Exploratory factor analysis and then confirmatory factor analysis showed that the LVS is hierarchical with three distinct factors, with overall vitality as the higher-order factor. Correlational tests with two established vitality scales for general use showed that the LVS is positively related to existing scales, demonstrating convergent validity. In study 2, data was gathered from 92 top level leaders in the C-Suite (n = 25), vice presidents (n = 23), directors (n = 21), and managers (n = 23) of organizations across the United States. Results showed that LVS scores significantly correlated with life satisfaction, positive emotions, positive functioning at work, and psychological capital. Overall, these findings suggest that the LVS is a valid measure for assessing leader vitality, and can used in future studies of well-being and positive functioning at work.Entities:
Keywords: leadership; positive leadership; positive organizational psychology; positive psychology at work; vitality; work-related well-being
Year: 2022 PMID: 35756249 PMCID: PMC9226326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.884672
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Front Psychol ISSN: 1664-1078
FIGURE 1Burnout to vitality.
Initial 15 Items of the LVS.
| Factor Name and Items | |
|
| |
| PHY1 | I drink water throughout the day |
| PHY2 | I regularly eat healthy |
| PHY3 | I incorporate movement into my day |
| PHY4 | I have the physical stamina to do the things I want to do in my life |
| PHY5 | I feel well rested when I wake up in the morning |
| Factor 2: Psychological vitality | |
| PSY1 | I feel alive and vital |
| PSY2 | I nearly always feel awake and alert |
| PSY3 | I feel at choice in what thoughts I give attention to |
| PSY4 | I can focus even in highly distracting situations |
| PSY5 | I am able to maintain a positive outlook |
| Factor 3: Emotional vitality | |
| EMO1 | I am aware of my emotional state |
| EMO2 | I can influence my emotions when needed |
| EMO3 | I have the energy I need to manage my stress |
| EMO4 | I find time to relax and replenish my energy |
| EMO5 | I have the emotional stamina to face problems |
Exploratory factor analysis: items, means, standard deviations, and factor loadings of the LVS.
| Factor loadings | |||||
| Factor Name and Items | M | SD | 1 | 2 | |
|
| |||||
| PHY1 | I drink water throughout the day | 5.69 | 1.43 | 0.64 | |
| PHY2 | I regularly eat healthy | 5.32 | 1.52 | 0.65 | |
| PHY3 | I incorporate movement into my day | 5.67 | 1.41 | 0.87 | |
| PHY4 | I have the physical stamina to do the things I want to do in my life | 5.35 | 1.47 | 0.68 | |
|
| |||||
| PSY1 | I feel alive and vital | 5.54 | 1.25 | 0.69 | |
| PSY2 | I nearly always feel awake and alert | 4.95 | 1.38 | 0.73 | |
| PSY3 | I feel at choice in what thoughts I give attention to | 5.41 | 1.33 | 0.73 | |
| PSY5 | I am able to maintain a positive outlook | 5.85 | 1.02 | 0.82 | |
|
| |||||
| EMO2 | I can influence my emotions when needed | 5.46 | 1.11 | 0.76 | |
| EMO3 | I have the energy I need to manage my stress | 5.29 | 1.31 | 0.74 | |
| EMO5 | I have the emotional stamina to face problems | 5.75 | 1.10 | 0.76 | |
Exploratory factor analysis: matrix of factor correlations of the LVS.
| Factor | 1 | 2 | |
| 1 | Physical Vitality | 1.00 | 0.69 |
| 2 | Psychological and Emotional Vitality | 0.69 | 1.00 |
FIGURE 2Graphical representation of a three-factor model with a higher-order factor.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the LVS.
|
|
| CFI | SRMR | TLI | RMSEA | 90%CI | AIC | |
| Two-factor model | 71.54 | 44 | 0.961 | 0.060 | 0.951 | 0.070 | 0.038, 0.099 | 5510.22 |
| Three-factor model | 65.85 | 41 | 0.964 | 0.046 | 0.952 | 0.069 | 0.036, 0.099 | 5509.36 |
N = 175.
Rlative indexes: CFI = comparative fit index.
SRMR = standardized root mean square residual.
TLI = the Tucker–Lewis Index.
RMSEA = root-mean-square error of approximation.
AIC = the Akaike Information Criteria.
Convergent validity of the LVS.
| LVS | SVS | SF-36 | |
| LVS | 1 | 0.77 | 0.74 |
| SVS | 0.77 | 1 | 0.64 |
| SF-36 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 1 |
N = 175.
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
Convergent validity of the LVS factors and Cantril’s ladder vitality questions.
| LVS Physical | LVS Psychological | LVS Emotional | Ladder Physical | Ladder Psychological | Ladder Emotional | |
| LVS Physical | 1 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 0.45 |
| LVS Psychological | 0.61 | 1 | 0.78 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| LVS Emotional | 0.59 | 0.78 | 1 | 0.54 | 0.67 | 0.78 |
| Ladder Physical | 0.67 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.53 | 0.48 |
| Ladder Psychological | 0.37 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.53 | 1 | 0.73 |
| Ladder Emotional | 0.45 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.48 | 0.73 | 1 |
N = 175.
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
LVS correlations with life satisfaction and PsyCap.
| LVS | SWLS | PsyCap | |
| LVS | 1 | 0.56 | 0.57 |
| LS | 0.56 | 1 | 0.46 |
| PsyCap | 0.57 | 0.46 | 1 |
N = 175.
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
Leader roles.
|
| % | |
| C-Suite | 25 | 27 |
| Senior Vice President/Vice President | 23 | 25 |
| Senior Director/Director | 21 | 23 |
| Manager | 23 | 25 |
LVS correlations with Life Satisfaction, PF-W, PANAS, PsyCap.
| LVS | SWLS | PF-W | PANAS + | PANAS− | PsyCap | |
| LVS | 1 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.63 | −0.57 | 0.47 |
| SWLS | 0.53 | 1 | 0.60 | 0.41 | −0.48 | 0.41 |
| PF-W | 0.76 | 0.60 | 1 | 0.59 | −0.48 | 0.58 |
| PANAS + | 0.63 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 1 | −0.30 | 0.54 |
| PANAS- | −0.57 | −0.48 | −0.48 | −0.30 | 1 | −0.39 |
| PsyCap | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.54 | −0.39 | 1 |
N = 92.
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
LVS correlations PERMA + 4 pathways.
| Positive Emotions | Engagement | Relationships | Meaning | Accomplishment | Health | Mindset | Financial security | Environment | |
| LVS | 0.50 | −0.02 | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 0.30 | 0.52 |
N = 92.
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).