Shuai Zhu1, Lingling Zu1, Song Xu1. 1. Department of Lung Cancer Surgery; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 300052 Tianjin, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reticulosome family gene 1 (RTN1) is a reticulosome-encoding gene associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. RTN1 plays a key role in membrane trafficking or neuroendocrine secretion of neuroendocrine cells, while RTN1 serves as a potential diagnostic/therapeutic marker for neurological diseases and cancer. However, the expression of RTN1 and its effect on the immune microenvironment in patients with lung adenocarcinoma have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of RTN1 in lung adenocarcinoma and its correlation with immune infiltration and survival in lung adenocarcinoma using public databases and bioinformatics network tools. METHODS: Expression levels of RTN1 mRNA in tumor and normal tissues were analyzed using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER 2.0) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA 2). RTN1 protein expression was examined using the Human Protein Atlas. The clinical prognostic significance of RTN1 was analyzed using the GEPIA2 plotter database. To further confirm the potential function of RTN1, the data were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis. In addition, We performed dimensionality-reduced clustering analysis at the single-cell sequencing level on two datasets from the Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub (TISCH) database to observe the cellular clustering of RTN1 in different types of immune cells. Using the TIMER online tool to analyze and predict the infiltration abundance of different types of immune cells in the immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma patients in the TCGA cohort; TIMER and CIBERSORT were used to study the relationship between genes co-expressed with RTN1 and its associated tumor-infiltrating immune cells; finally, TIMER was used to analyze the relationship between RTN1 and immune correlations between immune checkpoints. RESULTS: We found that RTN1 expression was decreased in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and was closely related to patient prognosis. RTN1 is involved in the process of phagosome formation, hematopoietic cell formation and cell adhesion, and plays an important role in T cell activation. Using cBioPortal and TCGA data to analyze, it is found that RTN1 is significantly associated with BTK, CD4, ECSF1R, MNDA, NCKAP1L and SNX20. High expression of the above genes may cause significant upregulation of CD4+ T cells, mast cells, monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells and M1 macrophages. The expression of RTN1 is closely related to the common immune checkpoints CD274, CTLA4, HAVCR2, LAG3, PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, TIGIT and SIGLEC15 immune checkpoints. CONCLUSIONS: RTN1 may act as a tumor suppressor gene and indicate better prognosis. Furthermore, RTN1 is associated with immune infiltration that may be involved in the immunotherapy response in LUAD. However, the related mechanism needs further research.
BACKGROUND: Reticulosome family gene 1 (RTN1) is a reticulosome-encoding gene associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. RTN1 plays a key role in membrane trafficking or neuroendocrine secretion of neuroendocrine cells, while RTN1 serves as a potential diagnostic/therapeutic marker for neurological diseases and cancer. However, the expression of RTN1 and its effect on the immune microenvironment in patients with lung adenocarcinoma have not been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of RTN1 in lung adenocarcinoma and its correlation with immune infiltration and survival in lung adenocarcinoma using public databases and bioinformatics network tools. METHODS: Expression levels of RTN1 mRNA in tumor and normal tissues were analyzed using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER 2.0) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA 2). RTN1 protein expression was examined using the Human Protein Atlas. The clinical prognostic significance of RTN1 was analyzed using the GEPIA2 plotter database. To further confirm the potential function of RTN1, the data were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis. In addition, We performed dimensionality-reduced clustering analysis at the single-cell sequencing level on two datasets from the Tumor Immune Single-cell Hub (TISCH) database to observe the cellular clustering of RTN1 in different types of immune cells. Using the TIMER online tool to analyze and predict the infiltration abundance of different types of immune cells in the immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma patients in the TCGA cohort; TIMER and CIBERSORT were used to study the relationship between genes co-expressed with RTN1 and its associated tumor-infiltrating immune cells; finally, TIMER was used to analyze the relationship between RTN1 and immune correlations between immune checkpoints. RESULTS: We found that RTN1 expression was decreased in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and was closely related to patient prognosis. RTN1 is involved in the process of phagosome formation, hematopoietic cell formation and cell adhesion, and plays an important role in T cell activation. Using cBioPortal and TCGA data to analyze, it is found that RTN1 is significantly associated with BTK, CD4, ECSF1R, MNDA, NCKAP1L and SNX20. High expression of the above genes may cause significant upregulation of CD4+ T cells, mast cells, monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells and M1 macrophages. The expression of RTN1 is closely related to the common immune checkpoints CD274, CTLA4, HAVCR2, LAG3, PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, TIGIT and SIGLEC15 immune checkpoints. CONCLUSIONS: RTN1 may act as a tumor suppressor gene and indicate better prognosis. Furthermore, RTN1 is associated with immune infiltration that may be involved in the immunotherapy response in LUAD. However, the related mechanism needs further research.
有数据[表明,肺癌是全球第二最常见的癌症,但是肺癌导致的死亡依然占据最大的比例。84%的肺癌是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC),确诊的肺癌中只有20%-30%可以通过根治性手术治疗[。免疫检查点抑制剂,如程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)、程序性死亡配体-1(programmed cell death protein ligand 1, PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, CTLA-4)抑制剂,已在黑色素瘤、肾癌、NSCLC和其他肿瘤中显示出良好的疗效[。尽管免疫检查点抑制剂在肺腺癌患者中有显著的临床疗效和持久的应答,但抗PD-1/PD-L1治疗在肺腺癌患者群体中的总有效率仅为20%-30%[。因此,迫切需要寻找其他有利于预测免疫治疗对肺腺癌患者的生物标记物以提高免疫治疗有效率,包括肿瘤细胞相关生物标记物、肿瘤免疫微环境(tumor microenviroment, TME)相关生物标记物、液体活检相关生物标记物和宿主相关标记物。网状体家族基因1(Reticulon family gene 1, RTN1)(以前称为“神经内分泌特异性蛋白”)是一种与内质网相关的网状体编码基因。网状体在神经内分泌细胞的膜运输或神经内分泌分泌中起关键作用。RTN1编码3个变体,即NSP-A、NSP-B和NSP-C,它们通过同源C末端区域中的2个假定跨膜结构域连接到内质网[。先前的研究[已将RTN1作为神经系统疾病和癌症的潜在诊断/治疗标志物引入。RTN1被认为是具有神经内分泌特征的癌症的潜在标记物[。已有研究[表明,RTN1可降低BCL2样蛋白1(BCL2L1)编码的一种蛋白[即B细胞淋巴瘤-特大型(BCL-XL)]的抗凋亡活性。事实上,RTN1可以改变此蛋白的亚细胞定位,从线粒体到内质网,从而破坏其抗细胞凋亡的作用。然而在肺腺癌患者中RTN1的表达情况及其对免疫微环境影响均未有报道。在本研究中,我们旨在使用公共数据库和生物信息学网络工具研究RTN1在肺癌中的表达及其与肺癌中免疫浸润和存活的相关性。这些发现或许将有助于确定肺癌预后的潜在生物标志物,并有助于个体化免疫治疗。
The expression level and prognostic value of RTN1 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A: Increased or decreased expression of RTN1 in cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue in TIMER database; B: Decreased expression of RTN1 in cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue in GEPIA database; C: The relationship between RTN1 expression and prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma.
RTN1在LUAD中表达与预后情况。A: TIMER数据库预测RTN1在肺腺癌组织表达情况;B: GEPIA2数据库预测RTN1在肺腺癌组织表达情况;C: RTN1表达与肺腺癌患者预后的关系。The expression level and prognostic value of RTN1 in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A: Increased or decreased expression of RTN1 in cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue in TIMER database; B: Decreased expression of RTN1 in cancers compared with adjacent normal tissue in GEPIA database; C: The relationship between RTN1 expression and prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma; LUAD: lung adenocarcinoma.
Co-expressed genes of RTN1 in LUAD. A-F: The genes co-expressed with RTN1 in LUAD were assessed in cBioPortal database; G-L: The genes co-expressed with RTN1 in LUAD were assessed in the TIMER database.
LUAD中RTN1的共表达基因。A-F: cBioPortal数据库肺腺癌队列鉴定与RTN1共表达的基因;G-L:TIMER数据库肺腺癌队列鉴定与RTN1共表达的基因。Co-expressed genes of RTN1 in LUAD. A-F: The genes co-expressed with RTN1 in LUAD were assessed in cBioPortal database; G-L: The genes co-expressed with RTN1 in LUAD were assessed in the TIMER database.
Correlation of RTN1 and its co-expressed genes with tumor-infiltrating immune cell in LUAD. A, B: Single-cell distribution of RTN1 in the LUAD microenvironment in EMTAB 6149 and GSE 131907 datasets; C-I: Correlation of RTN1、BTK、CD4、ECSF1R、MNDA、NCKAP1L and SNX20 expression with tumor-infiltrating- immune in LUAD.
TCGA数据库肺腺癌队列RTN1及其共表达基因与肿瘤浸润免疫细胞的相关性。A,B:EMTAB 6149和GSE 131907数据集中LUAD微环境中RTN1的单细胞降维分群分析;C-I:数据库肺腺癌队列中RTN1与BTK、CD4、ECSF1R、MNDA、NCKAP1L和SNX20的表达与肿瘤浸润免疫的相关性分析。Correlation of RTN1 and its co-expressed genes with tumor-infiltrating immune cell in LUAD. A, B: Single-cell distribution of RTN1 in the LUAD microenvironment in EMTAB 6149 and GSE 131907 datasets; C-I: Correlation of RTN1、BTK、CD4、ECSF1R、MNDA、NCKAP1L and SNX20 expression with tumor-infiltrating- immune in LUAD.我们发现RTN1与几种免疫细胞之间存在显著的正相关关系(图 5)。CIBERSORT结果显示,RTN1高表达组CD4+ T细胞、肥大细胞、单核细胞、髓样树突状细胞和M1型巨噬细胞显著上调(图 5),提示LRMP可能与免疫检查点有关。为进一步研究RTN1与免疫检查点之间的关系,我们将12例LUAD患者分为两组,比较两组免疫检查点的表达水平。G1组RTN1高表达,而G2组RTN1低表达。
图 5
RTN1不同表达分组间的肺腺癌患者免疫微环境差异。G1:高表达; G2:低表达。
Changes of immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with different expression of RTN1. G1: high expression of RTN1; G2: low expression of RTN1.
RTN1不同表达分组间的肺腺癌患者免疫微环境差异。G1:高表达; G2:低表达。Changes of immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with different expression of RTN1. G1: high expression of RTN1; G2: low expression of RTN1.
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