Matheus S Cerqueira1,2, Paulo R S Amorim1, Irismar G A Encarnação3,4, Leonardo M T Rezende1, Paulo H R F Almeida5, Analiza M Silva6, Manuel Sillero-Quintana7, Diego A S Silva8, Fernanda K Santos1, João C B Marins1. 1. Department of Physical Education, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 2. Academic Department of Education, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the Southeast of Minas Gerais, Campus Rio Pomba, Rio Pomba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 3. Department of Physical Education, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. irismarcapoeiraefi@gmail.com. 4. Higher School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal. irismarcapoeiraefi@gmail.com. 5. Graduate Program in Medicines and Pharmaceutical Services, Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 6. Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Motricity, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. 7. Faculty of Sciences of Physical Activity and Sports, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 8. Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Assessing the body composition of children and adolescents is important to monitor their health status. Anthropometric measurements are feasible and less-expensive than other techniques for body composition assessment. This study aimed to systematically map anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue, body fat, or density in children and adolescents, and to analyze methodological aspects of the development of anthropometric equations using skinfolds. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR criteria. The search was carried out in eight databases. The methodological structure protocol of this scoping review was retrospectively registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/35uhc/ ). RESULTS: We included 78 reports and 593 anthropometric equations. The samples consisted of healthy individuals, people with different diseases or disabilities, and athletes from different sports. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the reference method most commonly used in developing equations. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were the anthropometric measurements most frequently used as predictors in the equations. Age, stage of sexual maturation, and peak height velocity were used as complementary variables in the equations. CONCLUSION: Our scoping review identified equations proposed for children and adolescents with a great diversity of characteristics. In many of the reports, important methodological aspects were not addressed, a factor that may be associated with equation bias. LEVEL IV: Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).
PURPOSE: Assessing the body composition of children and adolescents is important to monitor their health status. Anthropometric measurements are feasible and less-expensive than other techniques for body composition assessment. This study aimed to systematically map anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue, body fat, or density in children and adolescents, and to analyze methodological aspects of the development of anthropometric equations using skinfolds. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR criteria. The search was carried out in eight databases. The methodological structure protocol of this scoping review was retrospectively registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/35uhc/ ). RESULTS: We included 78 reports and 593 anthropometric equations. The samples consisted of healthy individuals, people with different diseases or disabilities, and athletes from different sports. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the reference method most commonly used in developing equations. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were the anthropometric measurements most frequently used as predictors in the equations. Age, stage of sexual maturation, and peak height velocity were used as complementary variables in the equations. CONCLUSION: Our scoping review identified equations proposed for children and adolescents with a great diversity of characteristics. In many of the reports, important methodological aspects were not addressed, a factor that may be associated with equation bias. LEVEL IV: Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).
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