Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity profiles of idarubicin, cytarabine, and cyclophosphamide (IAC) in relapse/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) . Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial with the registration number NCT02937662. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with an IAC regimen, and the regimen of the control group was selected by doctors according to medication experience. After salvage chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) was conducted as far as possible according to the situation of the patients. We aimed to observe the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of the IAC regimen in relapse/refractory AML and to explore which is the better regimen. Results: Forty-two patients were enrolled in the clinical trial, with a median age of 36 years (IAC group, 22 cases and control groups, 20 cases) . ①The objective response rate was 71.4% in the IAC group and 40.0% in the control group (P=0.062) ; the complete remission (CR) rate was 66.7% in the IAC group and 40.0% in the control group (P=0.121) . The median follow-up time of surviving patients was 10.5 (range:1.7-32.8) months; the median overall survival (OS) was 14.1 (range: 0.6-49.1) months in the IAC group and 9.9 (range: 2.0-53.8) months in the control group (P=0.305) . The 1-year OS was 54.5% (95%CI 33.7%-75.3%) in the IAC group and 48.2% (95%CI 25.9%-70.5%) in the control group (P=0.305) , with no significant difference between these two regimens. ②The main hematologic adverse events (AEs) were anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The incidence of grade 3-4 hematologic AEs in the two groups was 100% (22/22) in the IAC group and 95% (19/20) in the control group. The median time of neutropenia after chemotherapy in the IAC group and control group was 20 (IQR: 8-30) and 14 (IQR: 5-50) days, respectively (P=0.023) . ③The CR rate of the early relapse (relapse within 12 months) group was 46.7% and that of the late relapse (relapse after 12 months) group was 72.7% (P=0.17) . The median OS time of early recurrence was 9.9 (range:1.7-53.8) months, and that of late recurrence patients was 19.3 (range: 0.6-40.8) months (P=0.420) , with no significant differences between the two groups. The 1-year OS rates were 45.3% (95%CI 27.2%-63.3%) and 66.7% (95%CI 40.0%-93.4%) , respectively (P=0.420) . Survival analysis showed that the 1-year OS rates of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group and non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group were 87.5% (95%CI 71.2%-100%) and 6.3% (95%CI 5.7%-18.3%) , respectively. The OS rate of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group was significantly higher than that of the non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group (P<0.001) . Conclusion: The IAC regimen is a well-tolerated and effective regimen in relapsed/refractory AML; this regimen had similar efficacy and safety with the regimen selected according to the doctor's experience for treating relapsed/refractory AML. For relapsed/refractory patients with AML, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be attempted as soon as possible to achieve long-term survival.
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity profiles of idarubicin, cytarabine, and cyclophosphamide (IAC) in relapse/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) . Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial with the registration number NCT02937662. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was treated with an IAC regimen, and the regimen of the control group was selected by doctors according to medication experience. After salvage chemotherapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) was conducted as far as possible according to the situation of the patients. We aimed to observe the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of the IAC regimen in relapse/refractory AML and to explore which is the better regimen. Results: Forty-two patients were enrolled in the clinical trial, with a median age of 36 years (IAC group, 22 cases and control groups, 20 cases) . ①The objective response rate was 71.4% in the IAC group and 40.0% in the control group (P=0.062) ; the complete remission (CR) rate was 66.7% in the IAC group and 40.0% in the control group (P=0.121) . The median follow-up time of surviving patients was 10.5 (range:1.7-32.8) months; the median overall survival (OS) was 14.1 (range: 0.6-49.1) months in the IAC group and 9.9 (range: 2.0-53.8) months in the control group (P=0.305) . The 1-year OS was 54.5% (95%CI 33.7%-75.3%) in the IAC group and 48.2% (95%CI 25.9%-70.5%) in the control group (P=0.305) , with no significant difference between these two regimens. ②The main hematologic adverse events (AEs) were anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The incidence of grade 3-4 hematologic AEs in the two groups was 100% (22/22) in the IAC group and 95% (19/20) in the control group. The median time of neutropenia after chemotherapy in the IAC group and control group was 20 (IQR: 8-30) and 14 (IQR: 5-50) days, respectively (P=0.023) . ③The CR rate of the early relapse (relapse within 12 months) group was 46.7% and that of the late relapse (relapse after 12 months) group was 72.7% (P=0.17) . The median OS time of early recurrence was 9.9 (range:1.7-53.8) months, and that of late recurrence patients was 19.3 (range: 0.6-40.8) months (P=0.420) , with no significant differences between the two groups. The 1-year OS rates were 45.3% (95%CI 27.2%-63.3%) and 66.7% (95%CI 40.0%-93.4%) , respectively (P=0.420) . Survival analysis showed that the 1-year OS rates of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group and non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group were 87.5% (95%CI 71.2%-100%) and 6.3% (95%CI 5.7%-18.3%) , respectively. The OS rate of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group was significantly higher than that of the non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation group (P<0.001) . Conclusion: The IAC regimen is a well-tolerated and effective regimen in relapsed/refractory AML; this regimen had similar efficacy and safety with the regimen selected according to the doctor's experience for treating relapsed/refractory AML. For relapsed/refractory patients with AML, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should be attempted as soon as possible to achieve long-term survival.
IAC:去甲氧柔红霉素+阿糖胞苷+环磷酰胺诱导治疗后,42例患者中共17例(34.1%)患者进行allo-HSCT,移植前患者疾病状态:CR 9例,NR 7例,PR 1例。移植组1年OS率为87.5%(95% CI 71.2%~100%),未移植组为6.3%(95% CI 5.7%~18.3%),移植组生存明显优于未移植组(P<0.001)(图2)。
图2
异基因造血干细胞移植对复发/难治急性髓系白血病患者总生存的影响
根据第1次CR至复发的时间间隔,将患者分为早期复发组(30例)和晚期复发组(11例)。患者对再次诱导治疗的CR率,早期复发组为46.7%(14/30),晚期复发组为72.7%(8/11,P=0.173),早期复发组中位OS时间为9.9(1.7~53.8)个月,晚期复发组中位OS时间为19.3(0.6~40.8)个月(P=0.420),差异均无统计学意义。两组1年OS率分别为45.3%(95% CI 27.2%~63.3%)和66.7%(95% CI 40.0%~93.4%)(P=0.420)(图3)。
综合国内外AML治疗指南,复发/难治性AML患者的治疗首先推荐参加临床试验。治疗的总原则包括:使用无交叉耐药的新药组成的新联合化疗方案;应用新的靶向治疗药物;含中、大剂量Ara-C的联合方案;60岁以下、缓解期≥12个月复发者可以用原诱导治疗方案再诱导。复发难治患者在取得CR后,应尽可能选择allo-HSCT[11],[13]。以化疗药物为主的挽救治疗的重要组成部分包括蒽环类和大剂量Ara-C,通常将嘌呤类似物(如Flu或克拉屈滨)或拓扑异构酶Ⅱ抑制剂依托泊苷与该方案联合[14]。国内外研究设计了一系列非交叉耐药的、以Ara-C为基础的联合化疗方案,如FLAG和FLAG-IDA方案,CR率为50%~60%[15]–[17]。本研究中IAC组和对照组CR率差异无统计学意义。IAC方案的CR率66.7%和国外报道的用于成人复发/难治AML治疗的一系列方案,包括以Ara-C为主的方案、非Ara-C联合方案、低甲基化药物为主的方案和单一新药物等方案的疗效相当[18]–[19]。IAC组中位OS时间为14.1个月,虽长于对照组的9.9个月,但差异无统计学意义,该结果也与既往其他研究相似,即对于复发/难治AML患者,虽然选择不同的方案,但均显示出相似的治疗效果[17]。总体而言,IAC组与对照组疗效相当,提示对于复发/难治AML患者,IAC方案也可以作为挽救治疗方案,本方案为复发/难治AML患者增加一种治疗选择。挽救治疗的目的是为患者争取移植机会,本研究中的未移植组患者生存期最长为12个月,挽救治疗后,移植组的生存时间明显长于未移植组,提示复发患者只有接受移植才有可能获得长期生存。中国复发难治AML诊疗指南(2021年版)建议:复发/难治AML患者获得缓解后,在条件许可情况下应尽早进行allo-HSCT。对于某些患者,尤其是原发耐药或早期复发且预估缓解率非常低的患者也可以直接采取allo-HSCT作为挽救治疗措施[11]。本研究中两组患者最常见的不良反应为骨髓抑制及感染,绝大部分患者可以恢复正常造血,个别患者因重症感染死亡,早期死亡率两组差异无统计学意义。IAC组患者粒缺持续时间较对照组更长,提示该联合方案对骨髓的抑制作用更强。粒缺期延长将增加感染的风险,但我们没有发现试验组重症感染风险增加,感染导致的死亡率也无升高,可能与入组患者年龄<60岁有关,IAC方案对老年难治/复发AML患者的疗效及不良反应仍然需进一步研究探讨。对于年龄≤60岁的AML复发患者,欧洲白血病网(ELN)将从缓解到复发的时间间隔作为影响患者预后的因素之一[20],本研究结果提示晚期复发组的挽救治疗CR率高于早期复发患者,远期疗效优于早期复发患者,但差异均无统计学意义,可能与样本量小有关。本研究纳入的病例数有限,结论需进一步增加研究样本量进行验证。目前国内外指南均推荐将新的靶向药物应用于初诊AML及复发/难治AML的治疗[11],[21]。今后我们会进一步开展靶向药物联合IAC方案的临床研究。综上,IAC方案及对于复发/难治 AML 患者具一定的疗效和安全性,复发/难治的成人AML患者可考虑将其作为移植前的挽救治疗。对于可以应用靶向药物治疗的患者,可以选择联用靶向药物治疗。获得缓解后的复发/难治患者应尽早进行allo-HSCT,以获得长期生存的可能。
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