| Literature DB >> 35677743 |
Alexandre Campos Moraes Amato1, Fernando Campos Moraes Amato1, Juliana Lelis Spirandeli Amato1, Daniel Augusto Benitti2.
Abstract
Background: Lipedema is characterized as an abnormal deposition of fat in the buttocks and legs bilaterally that may be accompanied by swelling, pain, and tenderness. It is still often confused with more frequent conditions such as obesity and lymphedema. The estimated prevalence in Europe varies between 0.06% and 39%.Entities:
Keywords: lipedema; lymphedema; obesity; prevalence; questionnaires
Year: 2022 PMID: 35677743 PMCID: PMC9136687 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.202101981
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Vasc Bras ISSN: 1677-5449
Figure 1(A) Lipedema of buttocks and ankles; (B) Lipedema from buttocks to proximal leg; (C) Lipedema of pelvis, buttocks, and hips.
Study to define the best cutoff point for the screening questionnaire.
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| 5 | 21.9% | 12.7-35.2% | 1 | 0.593 | 51.0% (129) |
| 6 | 28.7% | 18.4-41.8% | 0.94 | 0.644 | 42.3% (107) |
| 7 | 36.6% | 25.5-49.4% | 0.9 | 0.695 | 37.2% (94) |
| 8 | 45.3% | 33.6-57.6% | 0.88 | 0.729 | 30.4% (77) |
| 9 | 54.3% | 42.0-66.1% | 0.78 | 0.780 | 24.9% (63) |
| 10 | 63.0% | 50.1-74.3% | 0.66 | 0.831 | 19.4% (49) |
| 11 | 71.0% | 57.5-81.5% | 0.58 | 0.831 | 15.0% (38) |
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| 13 | 83.4% | 70.1-91.5% | 0.38 | 0.949 | 7.9% (20) |
| 14 | 87.8% | 75.2-94.5% | 0.26 | 0.966 | 4.7% (12) |
| 15 | 91.2% | 79.6-96.5% | 0.18 | 0.966 | 4.7% (12) |
| 16 | 93.7% | 83.3-97.8% | 0.06 | 0.983 | 3.2% (8) |
| 17 | 95.5% | 86.4-98.6% | 0.04 | 1.000 | 2.4% (6) |
Statistical analysis of the diagnostic definition criterion.
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| 0.460 | 0.318 | 0.607 |
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| 0.881 | 0.771 | 0.951 |
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| 0.767 | 0.598 | 0.856 |
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| 0.658 | 0.513 | 0.834 |
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| 3.877 | 1.818 | 8.270 |
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| 0.613 | 0.467 | 0.805 |
Figure 2Study of sensitivity, specificity, and individual diagnostic probability against questionnaire scores. The vertical line indicates the cutoff selected for maximum specificity.
Figure 3Geographical distribution of the sample studied compared to the population distribution, illustrating areas with greatest difference from the proportions of the 2021 census projection.
Characteristics of the study population compared with the population projected by the 2021 census. Kruskal-Wallis (H 3.5735 N =16, p = 0.05871).
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| Volunteers | 253 | 212,854,215 |
| Educational level | ||
| Secondary education, incomplete | 2.4% (6) | 6.7% |
| Secondary education, complete | 29.2% (74) | 25.1% |
| Primary education | 4.0% (10) | 8.0% |
| Technical college | 7.5% (19) | - |
| Higher education, incomplete | 11.5% (29) | 4.8% |
| Higher education, complete | 28.5% (72) | 14.7% |
| Post-graduation | 16.6% (42) | - |
Health-related factors associated with lipedema in volunteers with scores over the cutoff compared with all volunteers.
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| 38.419 years (± 11.05) | 38.072 years (± 12.6) | 38.115 years (± 12.4) | Kolmorov-Smirnov |
| distribution equivalent, p = 0.696 | ||||
| OR 0.951, SE 0.005 | ||||
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| 27.000 kg/cm2 (31) | 26.920 kg/cm2 (222) | 26.937 kg/cm2 (253) | Kolmorov-Smirnov |
| distribution equivalent, p = 0.193 | ||||
| OR 0.93, SE 0.007 | ||||
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| - | 1.3% (3) | 1.2% (3) | Independent (z score, p = 0.515) |
| OR 1, SE 0 | ||||
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| 32.3% (10) | 43.2% (96) | 41.9% (106) | Independent (z score, p = 0.246) |
| OR 0.104, SE 0.035 | ||||
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| 41.9% (13) | 32.4% (72) | 33.6% (85) | Independent (z score, p = 0.294) |
| 0.181, SE 0.054 | ||||
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| 22.6% (7) | 13.5% (30) | 14.6% (37) | Independent (z score, p = 0.181) |
| OR 0.233, SE 0.098 | ||||
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| 3.2% (1) | 5.4% (12) | 5.1% (13) | Independent (z score, p = 0.607) |
| OR 0.083, SE 0.087 | ||||
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| - | 4.1% (9) | 3.6% (9) | Independent (z score, p = 0.2540 |
| OR 0, SE 1,525E-9 |
BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratios; SE: standard error.
Self-report health factors.
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| 41.90% (13) | 21.60% (48) | 24.10% (61) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.013), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.271, SE 0.085 | ||||
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| 19.40% (6) | 10.36% (23) | 11.50% (29) | Independent (z score, p = 0.141) |
| OR 0.126, SE 0.027 | ||||
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| 35.50% (11) | 20.27% (45) | 22.10% (56) | Independent (z score, p = 0.056) |
| OR 0.244, SE 0.082 | ||||
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| 38.70% (12) | 20.70% (46) | 22.90% (58) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.026), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.108, SE 0.026 | ||||
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| 61.30% (19) | 41.80% (93) | 44.30% (112) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.042), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.093, SE 0.028 | ||||
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| 29.00% (9) | 15.70% (35) | 17.40% (44) | Independent (z score, p = 0.068) |
| OR 0.118, SE 0.027 | ||||
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| 22.60% (7) | 13.50% (30) | 14.60% (37) | Independent (z score, p = 0.181) |
| OR 0.233, SE 0.098 | ||||
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| 19.40% (6) | 19.80% (44) | 19.80% (50) | Independent (z score, p = 0.951) |
| OR 0.14, SE 0.03 | ||||
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| 3.20% (1) | 0.45% (1) | 0.80% (2) | Independent (z score, p = 0.102) |
| OR 0.136, SE 0.026 | ||||
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| 41.90% (13) | 17.50% (39) | 20.60% (52) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.002), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.098, SE 0.0240 | ||||
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| 90.30% (28) | 42.70% (95) | 48.60% (123) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.295, SE 0.063 | ||||
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| 64.50% (20) | 19.80% (44) | 25.30% (64) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.455, SE 0.123 | ||||
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| 35.50% (11) | 5.90% (13) | 9.50% (24) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.846, SE 0.347 | ||||
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| 51.60% (16) | 7.60% (17) | 13.00% (33) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.073, SE 0.0200 | ||||
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| 54.80% (17) | 16.60% (37) | 21.30% (54) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.459, SD 0.135 | ||||
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| 9.70% (3) | 0.45% (1) | 1.60% (4) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.127, SD 0.025 | ||||
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| 58.10% (18) | 33.30% (74) | 36.40% (92) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.007), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.088, SD 0.025 | ||||
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| 51.60% (16) | 22.90% (51) | 26.50% (67) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001, positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.314, SD 0.090 | ||||
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| 48.40% (15) | 9.90% (22) | 14.60% (37) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.682, SD 0.228 | ||||
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| 35.50% (11) | 25.60% (57) | 26.90% (68) | Independent (z score, p = 0.249) |
| OR 0.121, SD 0.029 | ||||
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| 51.60% (16) | 17.60% (39) | 21.70% (55) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.082, SD 0.022 | ||||
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| 29.00% (9) | 36.90% (82) | 36.00% (91) | Independent (z score, p = 0.390) |
| OR 0.120, SD 0.039 | ||||
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| 48.40% (15) | 12.10% (27) | 16.60% (42) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.556, SD 0.179 | ||||
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| 3.20% (1) | 3.10% (7) | 3.20% (8) | Independent (z score, p = 0.983) |
| OR 0.143, SD 0.153 | ||||
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| 16.10% (5) | 4.50% (10) | 5.90% (15) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.034), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.123, SD 0.025 |
OR: odds ratios; SE: standard error; SD: standard deviation.
Self-reported general health status.
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| 9.7% (3) | 6.7% (15) | 7.1% (18) | Independent (z score, p = 0.553) |
| OR 0.200, SD 0.126 | ||||
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| 6.5% (2) | 23.8% (53) | 21.7% (55) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.028), negative correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.038, SD 0.027 | ||||
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| 12.9% (4) | 39.6% (88) | 36.4% (92) | Not independent (z score, p = 0.004), negative correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 1, SD 0 | ||||
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| 64.5% (20) | 28.8% (63) | 32.8% (83) | Not independent (z score, p < 0.001), positive correlation (Spearman) |
| OR 0.317, SD 0.081 | ||||
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| 6.5% (2) | 1.4% (3) | 2.0% (5) | Independent (z score, p = 0.056) |
| OR 0.667, SD 0.609 |
OR: odds ratios; SD: standard deviation.
Figure 4Comparison of self-assessed health of volunteers with and without lipedema diagnostic criterion.
Figura 1(A) Lipedema em região de glúteos ao tornozelo; (B) Lipedema em região de glúteos até região proximal de perna; (C) Lipedema em região de pélvis, glúteos e quadris.
Estudo do melhor ponto de corte para o questionário de rastreamento.
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| 5 | 21,9% | 12,7-35,2% | 1 | 0,593 | 51,0% (129) |
| 6 | 28,7% | 18,4-41,8% | 0,94 | 0,644 | 42,3% (107) |
| 7 | 36,6% | 25,5-49,4% | 0,9 | 0,695 | 37,2% (94) |
| 8 | 45,3% | 33,6-57,6% | 0,88 | 0,729 | 30,4% (77) |
| 9 | 54,3% | 42,0-66,1% | 0,78 | 0,780 | 24,9% (63) |
| 10 | 63,0% | 50,1-74,3% | 0,66 | 0,831 | 19,4% (49) |
| 11 | 71,0% | 57,5-81,5% | 0,58 | 0,831 | 15,0% (38) |
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| 13 | 83,4% | 70,1-91,5% | 0,38 | 0,949 | 7,9% (20) |
| 14 | 87,8% | 75,2-94,5% | 0,26 | 0,966 | 4,7% (12) |
| 15 | 91,2% | 79,6-96,5% | 0,18 | 0,966 | 4,7% (12) |
| 16 | 93,7% | 83,3-97,8% | 0,06 | 0,983 | 3,2% (8) |
| 17 | 95,5% | 86,4-98,6% | 0,04 | 1,000 | 2,4% (6) |
Avaliação estatística do critério de definição diagnóstica.
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| 0,460 | 0,318 | 0,607 |
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| 0,881 | 0,771 | 0,951 |
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| 0,767 | 0,598 | 0,856 |
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| 0,658 | 0,513 | 0,834 |
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| 3,877 | 1,818 | 8,270 |
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| 0,613 | 0,467 | 0,805 |
Figura 2Estudo da sensibilidade, especificidade e probabilidade diagnóstica individual segundo pontuação no questionário. A linha vertical representa pontuação de corte selecionada para maior especificidade.
Figura 3Distribuição geográfica da amostra estudada comparada à distribuição populacional, evidenciando áreas com maior desvio da proporção da projeção do censo de 2021.
Características da população estudada comparada com a população projetada pelo censo de 2021. Kruskal-Wallis (H 3,5735 N =16, p = 0,05871).
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| Voluntárias | 253 | 212.854.215 |
| Nível de escolaridade | ||
| Ensino médio incompleto | 2,4% (6) | 6,7% |
| Ensino médio completo | 29,2% (74) | 25,1% |
| Ensino fundamental | 4,0% (10) | 8,0% |
| Ensino técnico | 7,5% (19) | - |
| Ensino superior incompleto | 11,5% (29) | 4,8% |
| Ensino superior completo | 28,5% (72) | 14,7% |
| Pós-graduação | 16,6% (42) | - |
Fatores de saúde associados ao lipedema nas voluntárias acima da pontuação de corte comparada com todas as voluntárias.
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| 38,419 anos (± 11,05) | 38,072 anos (± 12,6) | 38,115 anos (± 12,4) | Distribuição equivalente |
| Kolmorov-Smirnov, p = 0,696 | ||||
| OR 0,951, EP 0,005 | ||||
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| 27,000 kg/cm2 (31) | 26,920 kg/cm2 (222) | 26,937 kg/cm2 (253) | Distribuição equivalente |
| Kolmorov-Smirnov, p = 0,193 | ||||
| OR 0,93, EP 0,007 | ||||
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| - | 1,3% (3) | 1,2% (3) | Independente ( |
| OR 1, EP 0 | ||||
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| 32,3% (10) | 43,2% (96) | 41,9% (106) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,104, EP 0,035 | ||||
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| 41,9% (13) | 32,4% (72) | 33,6% (85) | Independente ( |
| 0,181, EP 0,054 | ||||
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| 22,6% (7) | 13,5% (30) | 14,6% (37) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,233, EP 0,098 | ||||
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| 3,2% (1) | 5,4% (12) | 5,1% (13) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,083, EP 0,087 | ||||
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| - | 4,1% (9) | 3,6% (9) | Independente ( |
| OR 0, EP 1,525E-9 |
IMC: índice de massa corpórea; OR: razão de chances; EP: erro padrão.
Fatores de saúde autorrelatados.
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| 41,90% (13) | 21,60% (48) | 24,10% (61) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,271, EP 0,085 | ||||
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| 19,40% (6) | 10,36% (23) | 11,50% (29) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,126, EP 0,027 | ||||
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| 35,50% (11) | 20,27% (45) | 22,10% (56) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,244, EP 0,082 | ||||
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| 38,70% (12) | 20,70% (46) | 22,90% (58) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,108, EP 0,026 | ||||
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| 61,30% (19) | 41,80% (93) | 44,30% (112) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,093, EP 0,028 | ||||
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| 29,00% (9) | 15,70% (35) | 17,40% (44) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,118, EP 0,027 | ||||
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| 22,60% (7) | 13,50% (30) | 14,60% (37) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,233, EP 0,098 | ||||
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| 19,40% (6) | 19,80% (44) | 19,80% (50) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,14, EP 0,03 | ||||
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| 3,20% (1) | 0,45% (1) | 0,80% (2) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,136, EP 0,026 | ||||
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| 41,90% (13) | 17,50% (39) | 20,60% (52) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,098, EP 0,0240 | ||||
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| 90,30% (28) | 42,70% (95) | 48,60% (123) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,295, EP 0,063 | ||||
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| 64,50% (20) | 19,80% (44) | 25,30% (64) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,455, EP 0,123 | ||||
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| 35,50% (11) | 5,90% (13) | 9,50% (24) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,846, EP 0,347 | ||||
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| 51,60% (16) | 7,60% (17) | 13,00% (33) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,073, EP 0,0200 | ||||
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| 54,80% (17) | 16,60% (37) | 21,30% (54) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,459, DP 0,135 | ||||
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| 9,70% (3) | 0,45% (1) | 1,60% (4) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,127, DP 0,025 | ||||
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| 58,10% (18) | 33,30% (74) | 36,40% (92) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,088, DP 0,025 | ||||
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| 51,60% (16) | 22,90% (51) | 26,50% (67) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,314, DP 0,090 | ||||
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| 48,40% (15) | 9,90% (22) | 14,60% (37) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,682, DP 0,228 | ||||
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| 35,50% (11) | 25,60% (57) | 26,90% (68) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,121, DP 0,029 | ||||
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| 51,60% (16) | 17,60% (39) | 21,70% (55) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,082, DP 0,022 | ||||
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| 29,00% (9) | 36,90% (82) | 36,00% (91) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,120, DP 0,039 | ||||
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| 48,40% (15) | 12,10% (27) | 16,60% (42) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,556, DP 0,179 | ||||
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| 3,20% (1) | 3,10% (7) | 3,20% (8) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,143, DP 0,153 | ||||
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| 16,10% (5) | 4,50% (10) | 5,90% (15) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,123, DP 0,025 |
OR: razão de chances; EP: erro padrão; DP: desvio padrão.
Avaliação geral autorreportada da saúde.
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| 9,7% (3) | 6,7% (15) | 7,1% (18) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,200, DP 0,126 | ||||
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| 6,5% (2) | 23,8% (53) | 21,7% (55) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,038, DP 0,027 | ||||
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| 12,9% (4) | 39,6% (88) | 36,4% (92) | Não independente ( |
| OR 1, DP 0 | ||||
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| 64,5% (20) | 28,8% (63) | 32,8% (83) | Não independente ( |
| OR 0,317, DP 0,081 | ||||
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| 6,5% (2) | 1,4% (3) | 2,0% (5) | Independente ( |
| OR 0,667, DP 0,609 |
OR: razão de chances; DP: desvio padrão.
Figura 4Comparação da autoavaliação de saúde entre voluntárias com e sem critério diagnóstico de lipedema.