Glutamate Receptors Mediate Changes to Dendritic Mitochondria in Neurons Grown on Stiff Substrates.

The stiffness of brain tissue changes during development and disease. These changes can affect neuronal morphology, specifically dendritic arborization. We previously reported that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors regulate dendrite number and branching in a manner that is dependent on substrate stiffness. Since mitochondria affect the shape of dendrites, in this study, we determined whether the stiffness of substrates on which rat hippocampal neurons are grown affects mitochondrial characteristics and if glutamate receptors mediate the effects of substrate stiffness. Dendritic mitochondria are small, short, simple, and scarce in neurons cultured on substrates of 0.5 kPa stiffness. In contrast, dendritic mitochondria are large, long, complex, and low in number in neurons grown on substrates of 4 kPa stiffness. Dendritic mitochondria of neurons cultured on glass are high in number and small with complex shapes. Treatment of neurons grown on the stiffer gels or glass with the NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, respectively, results in mitochondrial characteristics of neurons grown on the softer substrate. These results suggest that glutamate receptors play important roles in regulating both mitochondrial morphology and dendritic arborization in response to substrate stiffness.