| Literature DB >> 35652025 |
Thiago Sampaio Busato1, Daniel Baldasso1, Gladyston Roberto Matioski Filho1, Lucas Dias Godoi1, Marcelo Gavazzoni Morozowski1, Juan Rodolfo Vilela Capriotti1.
Abstract
Objective In the present study, we investigated the intra and interobserver agreement of the new Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification for fractures of the proximal extremity of the femur. Methods One hundred hip radiographs were selected from patients who suffered fractures of the trochanteric region or femoral neck. Four orthopedists, fellowship trained hip surgeons, and four orthopedic residents evaluated and classified fractures according to the new AO/OTA system on two separate occasions. The kappa (k) coefficient was used to evaluate intra and interobserver agreement in the different steps of the classification, namely: type , group , subgroup , and qualifier. Results Hip surgery experts obtained almost perfect intraobserver agreement of type , substantial for group and, only moderate, for subgroup and qualifiers. The residents had lower performance, with substantial agreement for type, moderate for group , and reasonable for subgroup and qualifier. In the specialists' interobserver evaluation, there was also a gradual decrease in the agreement between type (almost perfect) and group (moderate), which was even lower for subgroup and qualifiers. Residents had a substantial interobserver agreement for type , moderate for group , and reasonable in the other branches. Conclusion The new AO/OTA classification for fractures of the trochanteric region and femoral neck showed intra and interobserver agreements considered appropriate for type and group , with a drop in the subsequent branches, that is, for subgroup and qualifier. Still, in relation to the old AO/OTA classification, there was an improvement in the agreements for subgroup. Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e Traumatologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: classification; femur neck; hip fractures
Year: 2021 PMID: 35652025 PMCID: PMC9142227 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729939
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Illustrated comparison between the AO/OTA systems (Group A)
| Old AO/OTA | New AO/OTA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A1 | Simple transtrochanteric | Simple transtrochanteric | ||
| A1.1 | Simple undisplaced |
| Isolated fracture of trochanter |
|
| A1.2 | Simple displaced |
| Two-part fracture |
|
| A1.3 | Simple with distal to calcar extension |
| Fracture with intact lateral wall (> 20.5 mm) |
|
| Group A2 | Transtrochanteric cominution | Multifragmentary transtrochanteric, | ||
| A2.1 | Comminuta undisplaced |
| ||
| A2.2 | Displaced with cominution |
| Fracture with 1 intermediate fragment |
|
| A2.3 | Multifragmented (> 3 fragments) |
| Fracture with 2 or more fragments |
|
| Group A3 | Reverse transtrochanteric | Reverse transtrochanteric | ||
| A3.1 | Reverse obliquity |
| Simple, reverse obliquity |
|
| A3.2 | Transverse reverse obliquity |
| Simple transverse, reverse obliquity |
|
| A3.3 | Reverse obliquity with fracture of lesser trochanter |
| Reverse obliquity with wedge or |
|
Illustrated comparison between the AO/OTA systems (Group B)
| Old AO/OTA | New AO/OTA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group B1 | Subcapital fracture with minimal displacement | Subcapital fracture | ||
| B1.1 | Valgus impaction > 15 degrees |
| Valgus impaction |
|
| B1.2 | Valgus impaction < 15 degrees |
| Undisplaced |
|
| B1.3 | Not impacted |
| Displaced |
|
| Group B2 | Transcervical fracture | Transcervical fracture | ||
| B2.1 | Basicervical |
| Simple |
|
| B2.2 | Adducted mid-cervical |
| Multifragmented |
|
| B2.3 | Shear mid-cervical |
| With shear | |
| Group B3 | Subcapital displaced fracture, not impacted | Basicervical fracture |
| |
| B3.1 | Moderate varus displacement and lateral rotation |
| ||
| B3.2 | Moderate vertical displacement and lateral rotation |
| ||
| B3.3 | Significant displacement |
| ||
Fig. 1Comparison between specialists and residents of the mean kappa coefficient (intraobserver).
Intraobserver agreement kappa coefficient
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 | 0.972 | 0.705 | 0.607 | 0.607 |
| 2 | 0.972 | 0.589 | 0.376 | 0.338 |
| 3 | 0.894 | 0.747 | 0.599 | 0.600 |
| 4 | 0.851 | 0.713 | 0.500 | 0.459 |
| Resident | ||||
| 1 | 0.828 | 0.468 | 0.298 | 0.300 |
| 2 | 0.851 | 0.443 | 0.259 | 0.260 |
| 3 | 0.806 | 0.640 | 0.421 | 0.391 |
| 4 | 0.608 | 0.230 | 0.153 | 0.144 |
Interobserver agreement kappa coefficient
| Rating 1 | Rating 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Experts | 93.67 | 0.87 | 97.00 | 0.94 |
| Residents | 90.17 | 0.80 | 94.50 | 0.89 |
| Group | ||||
| Experts | 60.83 | 0.53 | 58.83 | 0.51 |
| Residents | 55.50 | 0.47 | 69.50 | 0.63 |
| Subgroup | ||||
| Experts | 44.50 | 0.41 | 39.67 | 0.35 |
| Residents | 42.67 | 0.39 | 57.67 | 0.55 |
| Qualifier | ||||
| Experts | 42.67 | 0.40 | 37.33 | 0.35 |
| Residents | 41.00 | 0.39 | 57.17 | 0.55 |
Fig. 2Interobserver agreement in the first evaluation.
Fig. 3Interobserver agreement in the second evaluation.
Comparação ilustrada entre os sistemas AO/OTA (Grupo A)
| AO/OTA Antiga | AO/OTA Nova | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grupo A1 | Transtrocantérica simples | Transtrocantérica simples | ||
| A1.1 | Simples sem desvio |
| Fratura isolada de trocânter |
|
| A1.2 | Simples desviada |
| Fratura em duas partes |
|
| A1.3 | Simples com traço distal ao calcar |
| Fratura com parede lateral intacta (>20,5 mm) |
|
| Grupo A2 | Transtrocantérica cominuta | Transtrocantérica multifragmentária, parede lateral incompetente (<20,5 mm) | ||
| A2.1 | Cominuta sem desvio |
| ||
| A2.2 | Cominuta desviada |
| Fratura com 1 fragmento intermediário |
|
| A2.3 | Multifragmentada (> 3 fragmentos) |
| Fratura com 2 ou mais fragmentos intermediários |
|
| Grupo A3 | Transtrocantérica Reversa | Transtrocantérica Reversa | ||
| A3.1 | Traço reverso oblíquo |
| Traço reverso simples e oblíquo |
|
| A3.2 | Traço reverso transverso |
| Traço reverso simples e transverso |
|
| A3.3 | Traço reverso com fratura do pequeno trocanter |
| Traço reverso com cunha ou |
|
Comparação ilustrada entre os sistemas AO/OTA (Grupo B)
| AO/OTA Antiga | AO/OTA Nova | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grupo B1 | Fratura subcapital com desvio mínimo | Fratura subcapital | ||
| B1.1 | Impactada em valgo > 15 graus |
| Impactada em valgo |
|
| B1.2 | Impactada em valgo < 15 graus |
| Sem desvio |
|
| B1.3 | Não impactada |
| Desviada |
|
| Grupo B2 | Fratura transcervical | Fratura transcervical | ||
| B2.1 | Basocervical |
| Simples |
|
| B2.2 | Médio cervical em adução |
| Multifragmentada |
|
| B2.3 | Médio cervical com cisalhamento |
| Com cisalhamento | |
| Grupo B3 | Fratura subcapital desviada, não impactada | Fratura Basocervical |
| |
| B3.1 | Desvio moderado em varo e rotação lateral |
| ||
| B3.2 | Desvio moderado vertical e rotação lateral |
| ||
| B3.3 | Desvio significativo |
| ||
Fig. 1Comparativo entre especialistas e residentes do coeficiente médio kappa (intraobservador).
Coeficiente kappa de concordância intraobservador
| Especialista | Tipo | Grupo | Subgrupo | Qualificador |
| 1 | 0,972 | 0,705 | 0,607 | 0,607 |
| 2 | 0,972 | 0,589 | 0,376 | 0,338 |
| 3 | 0,894 | 0,747 | 0,599 | 0,600 |
| 4 | 0,851 | 0,713 | 0,500 | 0,459 |
| Residente | ||||
| 1 | 0,828 | 0,468 | 0,298 | 0,300 |
| 2 | 0,851 | 0,443 | 0,259 | 0,260 |
| 3 | 0,806 | 0,640 | 0,421 | 0,391 |
| 4 | 0,608 | 0,230 | 0,153 | 0,144 |
Coeficiente kappa de concordância (Fleiss) interobservador (especialistas e residentes)
| Avaliação 1 | Avaliação 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TIPO | % concordância | Kappa | % concordância | Kappa |
| Especialistas | 93,67 | 0,87 | 97,00 | 0,94 |
| Residentes | 90,17 | 0,80 | 94,50 | 0,89 |
| GRUPO | ||||
| Especialistas | 60,83 | 0,53 | 58,83 | 0,51 |
| Residentes | 55,50 | 0,47 | 69,50 | 0,63 |
| SUBGRUPO | ||||
| Especialistas | 44,50 | 0,41 | 39,67 | 0,35 |
| Residentes | 42,67 | 0,39 | 57,67 | 0,55 |
| QUALIFICADOR | ||||
| Especialistas | 42,67 | 0,40 | 37,33 | 0,35 |
| Residentes | 41,00 | 0,39 | 57,17 | 0,55 |
Fig. 2Concordância interobservadores na primeira avaliação.
Fig. 3Concordância interobservadores na segunda avaliação.