Recent advances on applications of immunosensing systems based on nanomaterials for CA15-3 breast cancer biomarker detection.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death and is the most routine form of cancer in women in the world. Carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) tumor marker is a serum-based product of the MUC1 gene and different studies have determined the over-regulation of this tumor marker in breast cancer. Moreover, CA15-3 is overexpressed in a number of other types of cancers including lung, ovarian, pancreatic, and colon. The important role of CA-15-3 detection in the screening and diagnosis of breast cancer is proved. Some specific methods for the detection of CA15-3 have significant advantages and also suffer from some disadvantages. Biosensor tools as analytical devices measure biological or chemical reactions, by converting them into electrical signals. Biosensors based on antibody molecules as the detector are called immunosensors. Different types of immunosensors including electrochemical, various optical sensors such as fluorescent, SPR, and colorimetric with immobilization of nanomaterials for improving sensitivity and antibodies can be useful devices for the detection of CA15-3 biomarkers. In this review, we intend to focus on various new immunosensors to overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods for the detection of CA15-3 biomarkers.