Clinical Impact of the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity Pharmacist-Led Intervention in People Living with HIV in Spain, 2019-2020.

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) have significantly enhanced their life expectancy. Consequently, age-associated comorbidities and related health conditions are increasingly found in PLWH complicating their clinical management. Objective: To determine the effect of the capacity-motivation-opportunity (CMO) structured pharmaceutical care intervention for improving clinical health-care results frequently associated to PLWH.
Methods: Multicenter, prospective, pre-post intervention study evaluating the CMO pharmacist-led program in adult PLWH was conducted between September 2019 and September 2020 with six months of follow-up. The primary objective of this study was to determine differences in clinical outcomes (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, blood pressure and glycosylated hemoglobin) and variation in the patient's activation measure before and after the intervention.
Results: A total of 61 patients were included, 72% were men with a median age of 53 years. After the implementation of the pharmacist-driven program, the percentage of patients with high levels of total cholesterol decreased significantly (18% to 4.9%; p < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of patients with high levels of triglycerides, HDL or with hypertension was significantly lower post intervention (13.1% to 6.6%, p < 0.001; 47.5% to 6.6%, p = 0.019 and 24% to 4%, p = 0.009, respectively). The number of patients who achieved the highest activation level increased from 69% to 77.6% (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The CMO program resulted in significantly better health outcomes during the six months following the pharmacist-led intervention as well as improved activation in PLWH.

Plain Language Summary

In recent years, several authors have agreed that the classic definition of pharmaceutical care has already “hit a ceiling” and needs to be re-envisioned rather than changed, marking the way to re-envision the definition of this activity so that it is much more in line with the times and needs of patients. This study was carried out to collect information on the clinical impact of a new pharmaceutical care methodology applied to people living with HIV. To this end, a multicenter prospective study was developed to evaluate this issue. Generating new high-quality evidence is essential to incorporate a new concept and methodology of pharmaceutical care and to become the gold standard in routine practice.

Introduction

Currently, HIV infection is considered a chronic disease. The success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) together with the arrival of new, more powerful, drugs with better dosage guidelines has allowed people living with HIV (PLWH) to substantially reduce the risk of HIV transmission and have a near normal life expectancy. However, increased lifespan has brought a new set of challenges in the management of PLWH, who frequently experience age‐related comorbidities. In fact, analysis of HIV cohorts indicates that medical conditions such as hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, or diabetes mellitus are very common among PLWH.1,2 As expected, the appearance of concomitant pathologies leads to an increase in the use of non–antiretroviral drugs and, consequently, the clinical management of these patients is complicated by the greater risk of adverse events and drug interactions, adherence problems, and greater risk of hospitalization.3

Proper management of PLWH requires a multidisciplinary health-care team. The role of specialized HIV clinical pharmacist is especially important in this scenario.4 Traditionally, the pharmaceutical care (PC) model was mostly depending on the medication, not considering the individual characteristics of the patients.5 However, multiple studies have demonstrated that alternatives to the classic medicine-centered design were more effective in increasing patients’ adherence or improving associated health outcomes.6,7 Patient demographic, educational and cognitive factors, as well as the use of health resources should be previously evaluated in order to provide the best care for patients. Moreover, enhancing the empowerment of the patients should be also considered a priority intervention to increase their self-efficacy for medication management.

Considering all the above, five years ago we developed a redefined model of PC based in three differential aspects.8 First, patient stratification. We considered that stratification of the patients is an essential step in order to attend them according to their specific needs, optimizing the use of resources and time. Second, a motivational interview with the objective of setting and defining individualized pharmacotherapy objectives. And third, performing a real-time follow-up of patients using the new technological tools available. The CMO intervention (capacity, motivation, opportunity) intervention has previously been tested in PLWH, showing successful results in improving patient adherence to ART, reducing cardiovascular risk, and increasing patient activation.9–11 However, currently, there are no data on the specific effect of this kind of program in other clinical outcomes of health that are frequently altered in PLWH.

Aim of the Study

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the CMO pharmaceutical intervention in improving HIV-associated health outcomes such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes. Also, we analyzed the influence of the CMO-based intervention to improve activation in PLWH.

Ethics Approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee “Comité Ético de Investigación del Sur de Sevilla. Hospital de Valme” (Sevilla, Spain), 1841-n-17. Participants were provided with written information regarding the study and its objectives, and a written informed consent form was given to those who took part in the study.

This study has been carried out according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki for biomedical research.

Materials and Methods

This was a multicentered, prospective cohort study of a structured pharmacist-led health intervention among PLWH patients conducted between September 2019 and September 2020 with six months of follow-up per patient. The study was performed at six tertiary hospitals from four provinces in Spain (Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla; Hospital Serranía de Ronda, Málaga; Hospital de Elche, Alicante; Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid; Hospital de Getafe, Madrid; Hospital Principe de Asturias, Madrid).

Patients

Participants were included in the study if they met the following criteria: patients with HIV infection ≥18 years of age, receiving active ART during at least one year before the inclusion in the study and under prescription of drugs for the treatment of any concomitant disease at least six months before the start of the study and at the beginning of the investigation period. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, participating in a clinical trial or did not give their written informed consent.

Interventions

Patients received the pharmacotherapeutic interventions routinely applied to ambulatory care patients according to CMO PC model.8 It consists in an initial stratification of the patients in three levels according to the risk-stratified model for pharmaceutical care in HIV-patients of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy.12,13 Each patient received intensive PC corresponding to the predetermined interventions for each level of care. During face-to-face visit to the Hospital Pharmacy Service, a motivational interview was performed for each patient. In each interview, pharmacotherapeutic objectives were established or re-evaluated, in consensus with the rest of the medical team taking care of the patient at all times.

Lastly, patients had access to a newly created website (; not active nowadays) with informative content on the importance of adherence and healthy living habits. It included videos, infographics, diptychs, links to other websites, articles and other relevant information on this matter. This tool was available and updated throughout the follow-up, so that patients could access the uploaded contents at any time in accordance with their digital skills. All patients received permanent contact tools (telephone numbers, institutional email, etc.) with the study pharmacists to resolve any incident or doubt related to their treatment at any time during the study.

Baseline Characteristics

Baseline demographic data (age, gender), HIV infection control variables as viral load (copies/mL) and CD4 count at the time of inclusion (cells/μL) as well as comorbidities and pharmacological therapy were recorded at the initial clinical assessment.

Health Outcomes

The consequences of the CMO pharmaceutical intervention on health outcomes as dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes were established by measuring levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (g/dl), total cholesterol (mg/dl), triglycerides (mg/dl), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (mg/dl) and blood pressure (mm Hg) before and after the introduction of the PC model.

Patient Activation

Patient activation was measured at the initial visit of the study to determine the degree of baseline activation and 6 months after the start of the intervention. Variation of patient activation was measured by patient activation measure (PAM) questionnaire, developed and validated for this purpose and kindly supplied to the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacists (SEFH) for its use.14 The PAM is a 10-item survey tool adapted to Spanish and designed to assess a patient’s knowledge, abilities and confidence in managing their own health care. The questionnaire contains 10 items and use a Likert scale with four response options. Points are converted to activation score (range 0 to 100) using a chart provided by the creators of the form. Depending on the results of the questionnaire, patients can be stratified into one of three stages of gradual activation. Level I (PAM score of <52.9) in which patients are not prepared to play an active role in their own health or believe they play an important role but lack assurance and/or knowledge to take action; Level II (PAM score of 53.0–75.4) with patients who are beginning to take action, but may still lack confidence or support to achieve the desired changes; Level III (PAM score of 75.5 or higher) with individuals who have adopted many self-management behaviors, but may not be capable of maintaining actions over time or during stress situations.

Statistical Analysis

Quantitative variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) or medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) when appropriate. Qualitative variables were presented as counts (percentage). The differences in the variables collected before and after the intervention were assessed using χ2 test in the categories of each of the initial values and after 24 weeks of follow-up. For analytical data that have more than 2 categories, the Bonferroni correction was performed.

Data analysis was performed using the R studio program (v 1.1.456). A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

A total of 66 patients were enrolled (Figure 1). Finally, only 61 patients were included in the study because 5 patients were lost to follow-up. Patients’ baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Seventy-two percent of patients were men, and the median age was 53 (IQR 5). Most of them (59.0%) had sexually acquired HIV and responded well to the antiretroviral treatment, with an undetectable viral load in 93% of patients and a CD4 count higher than 300 cells/u in the 89% of them.

Figure 1

Study flow chart.

Table 1

Patient Baseline Characteristics

Characteristics	Total Cohort (N= 61)
Demographic
Median Age, years (IQR)	53 (5)
Male gender, N (%)	44 (72)
HIV
HIV acquisition, N (%)
Sexual	36 (59.0)
Parenteral	25 (41.0)
Undetectable viral load, N (%)	57 (93.0)
CD4 count> 300 cells/u, N (%)	54 (89.0)
CD4/CD8 ratio <1, N (%)	26 (46.0)
Prescribed concomitant medications* N (%)
Lipid-lowering drugs	24 (39.0)
Psychotropic drugs	23 (37.0)
Antihypertensive medications	22 (36.0)
Drugs for musculoskeletal pain	17 (28.0)
Vitamins	16 (26.0)
Drugs for gastric acid-related disorders	15 (25.0)
Drugs for chronic respiratory disease	15 (25.0)

Note: *Only included those medications affecting ≥20% of patients.

The most common retroviral regimens were those including a combination of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus an integrase inhibitor (42.6%), followed by two NRTIs plus a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (16.4%) and two NRTIs plus a protease inhibitor (11.5%). Other combined therapies represented the 29.5% of the patients’ regimens. Regarding prescribed concomitant medications, lipid-lowering drugs were the most frequently used followed by psychotropic drugs (39% and 37% of patients, respectively). The median number of prescribed concomitant drugs per patient was 7 (IQR: 5–8).

Following CMO program indications, patients were stratified in three potential groups (Table 2). Eleven patients (18%) were at intermediate level and the remaining 50 patients (82%) were at level 3 (baseline). Based on these classifications and the conclusions of the motivational interview, specific pharmacist interventions were then applied to each patient.

Table 2

Patient Classification According to CMO Model

	Total Cohort (N= 61)
Stratification, n (%)
Level 3	50 (82.0)
Level 2	11 (18.0)
Level 1	0 (0.0)
Motivational interview
Bad/very bad socioeconomic and professional status	8 (13.1)
Bad/Very bad relationship with health professionals	0 (0)
Bad/very bad knowledge of the treatment and the disease	9 (14.8)

Table 3 shows the effect of applying the CMO model on patients’ pharmacotherapeutic goals regarding cholesterol levels, hypertension, and glycemic control. Total cholesterol levels were significantly reduced after the pharmacist’s intervention, changing from an 18% of patients with high cholesterol levels at the baseline visit to a 4.9% of patients six months after (p < 0.001). Triglycerides and HDL levels were likewise significantly reduced after the intensive pharmacist-led program was implemented (p < 0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively). Reductions in blood pressure were also statistically significant (24% to 4% patients with high blood pressure before and after introduction of specific PC measures; p = 0.009). Statistical differences among glycosylated hemoglobin levels could not be determined because of many patients lost to follow-up.

Table 3

Comparison of HIV-Associated Health Outcomes Before and After Implementation of the CMO Pharmacist-Led Intervention in Spain, 2019–2020

Outcomes	Basal; N (%)	Week 24; N (%)	p
Cholesterol
Low (<175 mg/dl)	9 (14.8)	6 (9.8)	<0.001
Normal (175–250 mg/dl)	41 (67.2)	52 (85.2)
High (>250 mg/dl)	11 (18.0)	3 (4.9)
Triglycerides
Low (<150 mg/dl)	14 (23.0)	13 (21.3)	<0.001
Normal (150–200 mg/dl)	39 (63.9)	44 (72.1)
High (>200 mg/dl)	8 (13.1)	4 (6.6)
HDL
Low	32 (52.5)*	44 (77.2)**	0.019
<45 mg/dl (men) <55mg/dl (women)
High	25 (47.5)	4 (6.6)
>45 mg/dl (men) >55mg/dl (women)
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Low (<6g/dl)	2 (4.3)***	0 (0.0)#	ND
Normal (6–7 g/dl)	41 (89.1)	33 (94.3)
High (>7 g/dl)	3 (6.5)	2 (5.7)
Blood pressure
Low (<140/190 mm Hg)	7 (14.0)##	2 (4.0)###	0.009
Normal (140/90–160/100 mm Hg)	31 (62.0)	46 (92.0)
High (>160/100 mm Hg)	14 (24.0)	2 (4.0)

Notes: *Missing values = 4; **Missing values= 13; ***Missing values= 15; #Missing values= 26; ##Missing values= 9; ###Missing values= 11. χ2 test was performed on the categories of each of the initial values and after 24 weeks of follow-up. For analytical data that have more than 2 categories, the Bonferroni correction has been carried out.

Abbreviation: ND, Not determined because of many patients lost to follow-up.

With regard to the number of patients who achieved the highest activation level, it increased from 69% to 77.6% yielding statistical significance (p < 0.001) (Table 4).

Table 4

Comparison of Patient Activation Before and After Implementation of the CMO Pharmacist-Led Intervention (N = 58)

Level of Activation	Baseline; N (%)	Week 24; N (%)	p
Low	9 (15.5)	0 (0.0)	<0.001
Medium	9 (15.5)	13 (22.4)
High	40 (69.0)	45 (77.6)

Discussion

Our multicenter study demonstrated that the CMO model of PC, based on patient stratification, motivational interview and the use of new technologies for the follow-up process, has a positive impact on health-care outcomes in PLWH, specifically regarding hypertension and dyslipidemia. Moreover, we found that those personalized pharmacists-led interventions improved patient activation.

Life expectancy for PLWH has increased substantially. Consequently, older PLWH face many health challenges found in other older individuals, although the impact of aging may be greater among PLWH. In fact, cardiovascular events are more frequently observed in patients infected with HIV than in uninfected individuals.15,16 Regarding the classical cardiovascular risk factors, an altered lipid metabolism is commonly observed in HIV-infected patients, while higher prevalence of hypertension in these patients compared to that of the general population is still controversial.17–19 In our study cohort, we found that neither blood pressure nor cholesterol levels or triglycerides were significantly altered in PLWH patients at the initial clinical assessment, with most of the patient having normal or low levels. The heterogenicity in the results found among different studies might be due to residual confounding factors since, in certain settings, PLWH have higher rates of cardiovascular disease risk factors, circumstances such as co-infections (cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C viruses), substance abuse (drug use, smoking, alcohol) and also some social characteristics such as homelessness and social isolation.

Previous studies have demonstrated that personalized pharmacist-led interventions based on the CMO model reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.10 In the same line, our results showed that the CMO program reduces health outcomes associated with increased cardiovascular risk, such as total cholesterol, triglycerides or blood pressure. These findings suggest that tailored pharmacist interventions based on the individual needs of the patients successfully improve the pharmacotherapeutic control on HIV infected patients and consequently, improve risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In our study, we found a significant reduction in HDL levels, which seems to contradict the rest of the results regarding dyslipidemia, since prior observational studies have suggested an inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and both cardiovascular disease and total mortality, so that higher HDL is supposedly better.20–22 However, recent randomization trials and large cohort studies have failed to verify that higher HDL levels are associated with better outcomes.23–25 Indeed, there are some reports of increased cardiovascular events and even increased mortality associated with very high levels of HDL.26,27 On the other hand, pharmaceutical intervention studies designed at increasing HDL levels did not result in improvement of cardiovascular outcomes.28 Thus, there is a discrepancy between recent data and the accepted knowledge regarding the role of higher HDL cholesterol values on cardiovascular outcomes, and reduction of HDL levels might be in fact beneficial in certain settings.

We also found that our pharmacist intervention based positively influenced the activation in HIV-patients, as measured through the PAM questionnaire. Although similar results were found in a previous study,9 this is the first time that we confirmed the impact in activation across multiple hospital centers, suggesting that the results might be representative of the general target population. Furthermore, patient activation has been directly associated with more favorable HIV outcomes in prior research reports,29 in accordance with the results described in our study.

This study presents several strengths, including its prospective and multicentered nature. However, it has also some potential limitations. First, the lack of randomization with a limited sample size could be an important concern. Nonetheless, we considered that there could exist a participant bias when resembling interventions in putative control group, given the expansion and knowledge of the CMO PC model by many national hospital pharmacists and taking into account the results obtained in previous studies. For this reason, we considered that the best design to ponder the influence of our pharmaceutical intervention was using a pre-post design, so that each patient served as his or her own control. Additionally, the follow-up period in the study (6 months) might be considered relatively short within the life of a PLWH receiving a chronic treatment. Yet, methodologically, it is robust enough to determine the impact of a structured health intervention. Longer study periods will be necessary in order to determine whether the clinical effects observed after CMO pharmacist intervention are preserved over time. Despite these limitations, this study has significant implications highlighting the importance of specialized PC in the management of PLWH. Furthermore, this article can be taken as suggestive as a future larger-scale, properly designed, longer trial to validate the results presented in this study.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the CMO PC model, a pharmacist-led intervention based on the stratification of patients according to their specific necessities, in agreement with their pharmacotherapeutic objectives, and reinforced by motivational interviews and tailored follow-up using the new technological tools, might induce an improvement of clinical outcomes frequently associated to HIV disease. Therefore, considering the increased number of age-related comorbidities in PLWH, pharmacists’ role should be given particular attention among the multidisciplinary team taking care of the patients.