IMGT® Immunoinformatics Tools for Standardized V-DOMAIN Analysis.

The variable domains (V-DOMAIN) of the antigen receptors, immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies and T cell receptors (TR), which specifically recognize the antigens show a huge diversity in their sequences. This diversity results from the complex mechanisms involved in the synthesis of these domains at the DNA level (rearrangements of the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes; N-diversity; and, for the IG, somatic hypermutations). The recognition of V, D, and J as "genes" and their entry in databases mark the creation of IMGT by Marie-Paule Lefranc, and the origin of immunoinformatics in 1989. For 30 years, IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® http://www.imgt.org , has implemented databases and developed tools for IG and TR immunoinformatics, based on the IMGT Scientific chart rules and IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts and axioms, and more particularly, the princeps ones: IMGT genes and alleles (CLASSIFICATION axiom) and the IMGT unique numbering and IMGT Collier de Perles (NUMEROTATION axiom). This chapter describes the online tools for the characterization and annotation of the expressed V-DOMAIN sequences: (a) IMGT/V-QUEST analyzes in detail IG and TR rearranged nucleotide sequences, (b) IMGT/HighV-QUEST is its high throughput version, which includes a module for the identification of IMGT clonotypes and generates immunoprofiles of expressed V, D, and J genes and alleles, (c) IMGT/StatClonotype performs the pairwise comparison of IMGT/HighV-QUEST immunoprofiles, (d) IMGT/DomainGapAlign analyzes amino acid sequences and is frequently used in antibody engineering and humanization, and (e) IMGT/Collier-de-Perles provides two-dimensional (2D) graphical representations of V-DOMAIN, bridging the gap between sequences and 3D structures. These IMGT® tools are widely used in repertoire analyses of the adaptive immune responses in normal and pathological situations and in the design of engineered IG and TR for therapeutic applications.