| Literature DB >> 35599009 |
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations are the third most prevalent activating EGFR mutation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for 5%-12% of all EGFR mutations in NSCLC cases. Patients harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations exhibit similar clinical characteristics except for worse prognosis as compared to those with 'classic' EGFR mutations. EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations are considered as a heterogeneous class of alterations that cause different conformational changes in EGFR. The majority of mutations (almost 90% of cases) is positioned in the loop that immediately follows the C-terminal of the C-helix, and the most widely reported subtype of insertion mutations is D770_N771>ASVDN(A767_V769dupASV) with frequency of 21%-28%. NSCLC patients with EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations show primary drug resistance to previously approved EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors and are generally insensitive to conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The recently approved targeted drugs Amivantamab and Mobocertinib shift the treatment paradigm for NSCLC patients harboring EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. There are also several new compounds targeting NSCLC EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations are in development. In this article, we provide a through overview on the treatment development in EGFR exon 20 insertion mutant NSCLC. .Entities:
Keywords: EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations; Epidermal growth factor receptor; Lung neoplasms; Targeted treatment
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35599009 PMCID: PMC9127758 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2022.103.01
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
图 1EGFR外显子20插入突变位置[。
Insertion site of EGFR exon 20 insertion mutants[. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor.
图 2常见EGFR外显子20插入突变类型的发生频率[
Frequency of common EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations[
针对EGFR外显子20插入突变阳性NSCLC的药物临床数据汇总[
Summary of clinical data of treatment for EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation positive NSCLC[
| Drug | MOA | Manufacturer | Study | EGFR ex20ins mutation positive NSCLC included | No. of pts | ORR (n/N) | mPFS (mon) | Safety profiles |
| AE: adverse event; DCR: disease control rate; ex20ins: exon 20 insertion; HER: human epidermal growth factor receptor; INV: investigator; IRC: independent review committee; IRR: infusion-related reaction; ITT: intent-to-treat; MET: mesenchymal epithelial transition factor; MOA: mechanism of action; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; ORR: objective response rate; PFS: progression-free survival; pts: patients; TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TEAE: treatment-emergent adverse event; TRAE: treatment-related adverse event. | ||||||||
| Osimertinib[ | Binds irreversibly to certain mutant forms of | AstraZeneca | ECOG-ACRIN 5162 (phase 2) Osimertinib 160 mg | At least one prior line of therapy was required; stable, asymptomatic brain metastases were allowed | 20 | 25% (5/20) | 9.7 | The majority was grade 1-2. The most common AEs of any grade included diarrhea (76%), fatigue (67%), thrombocytopenia (67%); one case of grade 4 respiratory failure. One patient discontinued study treatment due to grade 3 anemia |
| POSITION20 (phase 2) Osimertinib 160 mg | EGFR exon 20 positive (mutation, deletion and/or insertion); pre-treatment chemotherapy allowed; asymptomatic brain metastasis | 25 | 28% (7/25) | 6.8 | The majority was grade 1-2. The most common TRAEs of any grade included diarrhea (72%), dry skin (44%), and fatigue (44%). Two pts discontinued study treatment due to grade 3 pneumonitis ( | |||
| AEX20 (phase 1/2) Osimertinib 80 mg | Previously treated with platinum containing chemotherapy | 12 | 0% (0/12) | NR | NR | |||
| LU17-19 (phase 2) Osimertinib 80 mg | Disease progression following or intolerant to adequate standard treatment; stable brain metastases | 15 | 0% (0/15) | 3.5 | The most common AEs of any grade included nausea (20%), vomiting (20%) and anemia (13.3%). | |||
| Mobocertinib[ | Targets the protein in vicinity of EGFR exon 20 | Takeda | TAK-788 phase 1/2 study (NCT02716116) | Previously treated with platinum containing chemotherapy | 114 | 28% (32/114, assessed by IRC) 35% (40/114, assessed by INV) | 7.3 | The most common TRAEs of any grade included diarrhea (91%), rash (45%) and paronychia (38%). TRAEs of ≥ grade 3 was 47%, AEs leading to reduction was 25%; AEs leading to treatment discontinuation was 17% |
| DZD9008[ | Designed for | Dizal | WU KONG1/WU KONG2 (phase 1/2) | Disease progression following or intolerant to adequate standard treatment; stable brain metastases | 56 | 39.3% (22/56) | NR | The most common TEAEs included diarrhea (grade 3, 5.2%) and rash (grade 3, 1%) |
| Poziotinib[ | Compared to the first-generation EGFR-TKI, its smaller molecule size and greater structural flexibility allows it to circumvent the steric hindrance induced by ex20ins mutants and inhibit | Hanmi | ZENITH20-1 (phase 2) | Metastatic; any previous number of lines for systematic or targeted therapy were allowed | 115 | ITT: 14.8% (17/115) Evaluable pts: 19.3% (17/88) | 4.2 | 60% of pts experienced AEs of ≥ grade 3; the most common TRAEs included rash (27.5%) and diarrhea (12.5%). 45% of pts had dose reduced to 12 mg and 17.5% reduced to 8 mg |
| ZENITH20-3 (phase 2) | Treatment naive | 79 | 27.8% (22/79) | 7.2 | The incidence of ≥ grade 3 rash was 33%, and diarrhea was 23% | |||
| CLN-081[ | Has unique pyrrole-aminopyrimidine frame and strong broad-spectrum activity against | Cullinan Oncology authorized by Taiho Pharmaceutical | NCT04036682 (phase 1/2a) | ≥1 prior platinum-based chemotherapy; Brain metastases that are stable ≥ 4 weeks | 45 | Evaluable pts: 50% (21/42) | NR | The most common TRAEs included rash (76%), diarrhea (22%), and paronychia (22%). 44% of pts had grade 3 AE with liver injury |
| Amivantamab[ | Disrupts EGFR and MET signaling functions through blocking ligand induced activation and degradation of EGFR and MET; guides immune effector cells targeting tumors harboring activated and drug-resistant | JNJ/Janssen | CHRYSALIS (phase 1, cohort 4) | Previously treated with platinum containing chemotherapy | 81 | Assessed by IRC: 40% (32/81) Assessed by INV: 36% (29/81) | 8.3 | The most common TRAEs included rash (86%), IRRs (66%) and paronychia (45%). TRAEs ≥ grade 3 were 16%; Treatment-related dose reductions occurred in 13% of pts, dose interruption in 21%, and discontinuation in 4%. 94% of IRRs were primarily limited to the first infusion, and rarely occurred with further dosing. MET-related AEs were hypoalbuminemia (27%; grade 3 was 3%) and peripheral edema (18%; grade 3 was 0%) |
| Luminespib or AUY922[ | Leads to the degradation of client (including ex20ins mutation) proteins, by the ubiquitin proteasome pathway | Novatis | Single arm (phase 1) | ≥1 prior therapy | 29 | 17% (5/29) | 2.8 | The most common TRAEs were diarrhea (83%; grade 3 of 0%), visual changes (76%, grade 3 of 3%). 59% of pts required treatment delays or interruptions |
图 3Mobocertinib在EGFR外显子20插入阳性NSCLC中的Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期研究设计[。
Design of mobocertinib phase 1/2 study in NSCLC patients with EGFR exon 20 insertions[. CNS: central nervous system; iORR: intracranial objective response rate; QD: daily; RP2D: recommended phase 2 dose.
图 4Mobocertinib在Ⅰ期/Ⅱ期研究PPP人群中对不同EGFR外显子20插入突变亚型的有效性[。
Objective response by EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation category (PPP cohort) in mobocertinib phase 1/2 study[. PD: progressed disease; PR: partial response; PPP: platinum-pretreated patient; SD: stable disease.
图 5CHRYSALIS研究设计[。
Study design of CHRYSALIS[. C: cycle; SOC: standard of chemotherapy.
图 6CHRYSTALIS有效性人群中不同EGFR外显子20插入突变位点与插入结构区亚组的肿瘤缩小与缓解情况[。
Tumor reduction and responses by insert site of EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation in efficacy population of CHRYSTALIS[. SoD: sum of lesion diameters; ctDNA: circulating tumor DNA.
针对EGFR外显子20插入突变阳性NSCLC的药物研发进展[
Research and development of drugs for EGFR exon 20 insertion mutation positive NSCLC[
| Drug | MOA | Manufacturer | Study | EGFR ex20ins mutation positive NSCLC included | Estimated enrollment | Efficacy | Safety profiles | Others |
| *Primary outcome measure; †Secondary outcome measure. DLT: dose limiting toxicity; DoR: duration of remission; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MTD: maximum tolerated dose; OS: overall survival; PDX: human tumor xenograft model; PK: pharmacokinetics; SAE: serious adverse event. | ||||||||
| Tarloxotinib[ | Releases a potent and irreversible pan-ERBB TKI (Tarloxotinib-E, the activated form) under pathophysiological hypoxia | Rain Therapeutics | Preclinical research | Transfected Ba/F3 cells | - | Tarloxotinib-E was efficacious against all tested Ba/F3 cells except for H773insH | - | - |
| JS 111 (EGFR-TKI) | Inhibits uncommon | Shanghai Junshi BioSciences | Open label, single arm, phase 1/2 study (NCT04993391) | Confirmed locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC harboring | 156 | ORR* | Safety* (AEs, SAEs, | - |
| BDTX-189[ | Has potent, selective, irreversible inhibition against 48 allosteric | Black Diamond Therapeutics | Phase 1 MasterKey-01 (NCT04209465) | EGFR exon 20 insertion PDX in mice | - | - | - | Rapid oral absorption and a short PK T1/2; MasterKey-01 is ongoing, including refinement of the dosing regimen and identification of the RP2D and schedule |
| Pyrotinib (EGFR, HER2 and HER4 inhibitor) | Inhibits the downstream signals of the Akt/p-65/FOXC1 pathway | Hengrui Medicine | Open label, single arm, phase 2 study (NCT04063462) | EGFR or HER2 ex20ins mutation positive advanced NSCLC pts, who failed ≥1 prior therapies | 60 | ORR* | Safety and tolerability† | - |
| JMT101 (fully human EGFR mAb) | Inhibits EGFR mediated signaling and the proliferation of tumor cells expressing EGFR | China Shijiazhuang Pharmaceutical Group | Open label, multi-center phase 1b study (NCT04448379) | Locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC harboring an EGFR ex20ins mutation; No previous treatment or first-line treatment failed | 48 | ORR, DCR, PFS, OS* | AEs* | - |
| Alflutinib or AST2818/Furmonertinib[ | Irreversibly inhibits EGFR autophosphorylation and downstream signaling | Allist Pharmaceuticals | Multi-center phase 1b FAVOUR (NCT04858958) | Locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous NSCLC; local lab confirmed | 30 (20 previously systemically treated and 10 treatment naïve) | Cohort 1 (240 mg | 9 of 10 (90%) pts experienced TEAEs of any grade; AEs were manageable and reversible; no grade ≥3 TEAEs was observed; no incidence of dose reduction or treatment discontinuation due to AEs | Cohort 2 (240 mg |
| BLU-451 (EGFR-TKI) | Highly selectively targets | Blueprint Medicines | Phase 2, open-label study (NCT05241873) | Advanced cancers with | Estimated enrollment: 96 | ORR, DoR, DCR, PFS, OS* | AEs† | DLT,MTD and RP2D† |