Prevalence of timely complementary feeding initiation and associated factors among mothers having children aged 6-24 months in rural north-central Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Complementary foods are defined as any solid or liquid foods other than breast milk offered to children. Timely initiation of complementary foods during infancy is necessary for growth and development. The first two years of life are important period for rapid physical, cognitive and social development that requires optimal nutrition. Currently, there is no study done in this rural community about timely initiation of complementary feeding.
OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding among mothers having children aged 6-24 months in Farta district, rural Ethiopia.
METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was employed from December 2020 to February 2021 among 570 mothers by using multi-stage sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and entered into Epi Data 4.6 then transferred to Statistical Package for Social Science version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis with a 95% confidence interval carried out to determine the association between explanatory and the outcome variables. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding among mothers having children aged 6-24 months was 51.9%. Institutionaldelivery [(AOR = 2.10, 95% CI: (1.31-3.32)],Keeping livestock [(AOR = 2.21, 95% CI: (1.35, 3.65)], Postnatal follow up [(AOR = 0.60, 95% CI:(0.36, 0.77)],merchants [(AOR = 4.58; 95% CI:1.99, 10.55)], and daily labourer [(AOR = 2.88, 95% CI:(1.50-5.51)] were statistically associated with timely initiation of complementary feeding.
CONCLUSION: This finding revealed that the prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding is still low. Factors affecting timely initiations of complementary feeding were home delivery, unable to attend postnatal care follow-up, being housewife and farmers. All health professionals including health extension workers should give special attention to advising and counseling for mothers and their husbands about timely initiation of complementary feeding.

Introduction

Background

Complementary foods are defined as any solid or liquid foods other than breast milk, offered to infants [1]. The initiations of solid foods for an infant is known as complementary feeding [2]. Initiations of additional or complementary foods at six months are essential for growth and development of the children [3]. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months should charge by complementary feeding such as offering solid foods [4]. The world health organization (WHO) is recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and mothers should initiate soft, semi-solid, or solid food for their infants at the age of six months [5]. The first two years of life are important and “critical window” for rapid physical, cognitive and social development that requires optimal nutrition [6, 7].

In 2017, the world prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding was 64.5% [8].

In the world, near to eleven million infants and young children death reported annually due to the absence of timely initiations of complementary feeding [9].

In developing countries, over two-hundred million children under five years were unable to reach their capacity in cognitive development because of not initated timely complementary feeding [10]. The immediate consequences of poor nutrition during early childhood are increased the chance of morbidity, mortality and delayed mental development [11].

Ethiopia is still faced, undernourished children. This is mainly due to the absence of timely complementary feeding. Currently, there is no study done in rural community of Ethiopia including the study area about timely initiation of complementary feeding. Therefore, this study will be used as a source of information for the policymakers to improve timely initiation to complementary feeding. It also used as baseline data for further research. The main purpose of this study was to assess timely initiation of complementary feeding among mothers having children aged 6–24 months in Farta district, Rural Ethiopia.

Materials and methods

Study area and period

The study was conducted in Farta district, which is one of the 13 districts found in South Gondar zone, Amhara, Ethiopia. It has 36 rural kebeles. There are 8 health centres and 36 health posts providing health service for the district population. The total population of Farta district is 250,731. Of these total populations, 17,664 children were under two years of age.

Study design and source population

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers who have Children 6–24 months of age in Farta district, South Gondar zone, Northcentral Ethiopia.

Inclusion criteria

All mothers who were had children aged from six months to two years in Farta district.

Exclusion criteria

Mothers who were seriously ill and unable to provided information during data collection period.

Study variables

Dependent variable

Timely initiation of complementary feeding.

Independent variables

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics (Age of mothers, occupation, educational level, read magazines and income).

Maternal reproductive history and health service utilization (ANC follow up, number of visits, PNC follow up, place of delivery, number of live birth, birth interval, number of children delivered at a time).

Operational definition

Timely initiation of complementary feeding

It is the initiation of additional foods for a young children at sixth months of age along with continuing breastfeeding [12].

Sample size, sampling techniques and procedure

By taking the prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding 34% [13]. Epi info version 7.2.2.6 was used to calculate the sample by considered confidence interval 95%, power 80% with design effect 1.5. Based on this the sample size was 518. By adding a 10% non-response rate the final sample size was 570. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. First, 8 out of 36 Farta districts were selected randomly using lottery method. There were 2198 households in the selected kebeles having under-two-years-old children. The calculated sample size was proportionally allocated to the selected kebeles based on the number of households. In the second stage, a systematic random sampling technique was used to selected mothers at each selected kebeles. The sampling frame was obtained from the health extension workers at each selected kebeles. Finally, proportionally allocated study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling every 4th interval while the first household was selected by lottery method.

Data collection tool

Structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect the timely initiation of complementary feeding and its associated factors. The questionnaire was adapted from key indicators recommended by WHO and IYCF strategy of Ethiopia [12, 14]. The questionnaire composed of socio-demographic and economic characteristics, health care, and complementary feeding practice-related variables. It was initially prepared in English and then translated from English to Amharic and re-translated back to English by a language expert to maintain its consistency. Pre-testing was done on 5% of mothers at Ebinat district to check the reliability of the tool. Data were collected by eight health extension workers and two masters nurse supervisors for monitoring the overall data collection process. One day of training was given to data collectors and supervisors.

Data quality assurance, processing and analysis

Adequate training was provided for eight data collectors and two supervisors. The codes were given to the questionnaire. Data collectors and supervisors checked the filled questionnaire for completeness every day. Problems encountered during the study period were discussed in the study team and solved. Subsequently, the data were entered using Epi Data 4.6. The generated data was exported to a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. The data was cleaned by visualizing, calculating frequencies, and sorting. The analysis was done with descriptive statistics by using frequency and percentage while bivariate and multivariable regression analysis between dependent and independent variables were performed using binary logistic regression. Hosmer and Lemeshow test was checked for model goodness of fit. During the bivariate analysis0.2 p-values were taken into multivariable regression. A 95% confidence interval (CI) and a P-value of less than 0.05 was taken as a significant association. Results were presented in text and tables.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethical approval was obtained from ethical review board of (blind for peer review) with a protocol number 00310/2020. A formal permission letter was communicated at each level. The participants were well informed about the purpose, the right to refuse and participate in the study. Finally, data was collected after oral and written consent from each respondent.

Results

Socio-demographic and economic characteristics

From a total of 570 samples, 536 mothers were participated in the study with a response rate of 94%. Regarding educational status respondents of the respondents,266 (49.6%) were able to read and write (Table 1).

Table 1

Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers in Farta district (n = 536), Ethiopia, 2021.

Variables	Category	Frequency (N)	Percent (%)
Age of mother in years	15–19	36	6.7
	20–25	157	29.3
	26–29	90	16.8
	> = 30	253	47.2
Educational status of mother	Unable to read and write	115	21.5
	able to read and write	266	49.6
	Primary	86	16.0
	Secondary	22	4.1
	Diploma and above	47	8.8
Educational status of spouse	Unable to read and write	131	24.4
	able to read and write	217	40.5
	Primary	144	26.9
	Secondary education	21	3.9
	Diploma and above	23	4.3
Occupation of mother	Housewife	275	51.3
	Keep livestock	121	22.6
	Daily labourer	83	15.5
	Merchant	26	4.9
	Governmental employee	31	5.8
Occupation of spouse	Farmer	405	75.6
	Governmental employee	20	3.7
	Merchant	53	9.9
	daily labourer	58	10.8
Read magazines and books (at least one month)	Yes	41	7.6
	No	495	92.4
Monthly income of the household	≤500 ETB	192	35.8
	501–1000 ETB	170	31.7
	1001–1500 ETB	4	0.7
	1501–2000 ETB	87	16.2
	≥2001 ETB	83	15.5
Family size in number	2–3 family	404	75.4
	4–6 family	103	19.2
	> 6 family	29	5.4

Abbrevation: ETB = Ethiopian Birr.

Maternal reproductive history and health service utilization

Among the respondents, 315 (58.8%) of the mothers were primiparous. More than half of the mothers 313(58.4%) had ANC follow up (Table 2).

Table 2

Maternal reproductive history and health service utilization of mothers in Farta district, Ethiopia, 2020.

Variables	Categories	Frequency (N = 536)	Percent (%)
Number of live births	≤ 2	315	58.8
	3–4	185	34.5
	≥ 5	36	6.7
Birth interval	≤ 2 years	273	50.9
	≥ 3 years	263	49.1
ANC follow up	Yes	313	58.4
	No	223	41.6
Number of ANC follow up	1–2 times	159	29.7
	≥ 3 times	154	28.7
During ANC visit told time to CF	Yes	265	68
	No	123	32
Place of current delivery	Home	119	22.2
	Institutional	417	77.8
PNC follow up	Yes	262	48.9
	No	274	51.1
During PNC visit told time to CF	Yes	200	37.3
	No	62	11.6
Number of children delivered.	1	432	80.6
	≥ 1	104	19.4

Abbrevations: ANC = Antenatal care, CF = Complementary Feeding, PNC = Postnatal Care.

Timely initiation of complementary feeding

From the total participants 278 (51.9%) of mothers were initiated complementary feeding at six months.

Factors associated with timely initiation of complementary feeding

In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, occupations of the mothers, occupation of the spouse, Place of current delivery and PNC follow up were significantly associated with timely initiation of complementary feeding. Those mothers who had not postnatal care follow-up were 40% less likely to initiate timely complementary feeding. Mothers had merchant husbands were4.58 times more likely to initiate timely complementary feeding than mothers whose husband were farmers [(AOR = 4.58; 95% CI: (1.99, 10.55)] (Table 3).

Table 3

Factors associated with timely initiation of complementary feeding among mothers who had 6–24 months children in farta district.

Variables	Categories	Timely initiation complementary feeding		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95%CI)
		No	Yes
participant occupation	Housewife	154	121	1	1
	Keep livestock	34	87	3.26 (2.05–5.17)**	2.21(1.33–3.68)**
	Daily labourer	45	38	1.08 (0.66–1.76)	0.79 (0.46–1.36)
	Merchant	8	18	2.86 (1.20–6.81) *	1.02 (0.32–3.28)
	Employee	17	14	1.05 (0.50–2.21)	0.97 (0.42–2.22)
Occupation of the spouse	Farmer	221	184	1	1
	Employee	13	7	0.65 (0.253–1.56)	0.54 (0.20–1.45)
	Merchant	8	45	6.76(3.11–14.70)**	4.58(1.99–10.55)**
	Daily labourer	16	42	3.15 (1.72–5.79)**	2.88 (1.50–5.51) **
Place of delivery	Home	75	44	1	1
	Institutional	183	234	2.18 (1.43–3.31)**	2.10(1.31–3.32)**
PNC follow up	Yes	104	158	1	1
	No	154	120	0.51 (0.36–0.72)**	0.60(0.41–0.89)**

Note: 1 = Reference group,

*P≤ 0.05 = statistically significant,

**P≤ 0.01 = highlystatistically significant

Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test = 0.57

Abbrevations: AOR = Adjusted odd ratio, CI = Confidence interval, COR = Crude odd ratio

Discussions

The main reason to conduct this study was to assess timely initiation of complementary feeding in Farta district, rural Ethiopia. Mothers who had children 6–24 months were the study participant.

The result of this study revealed that the prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding was 51.9% [(95% CI; (48%, 56%)]. The timely initiation of complementary feeding practice in this study was higher than findings from Iran(44.8%) [15], Kamba district, Ethiopia (40.4%) [16]. This difference is because of in Iran the study participants were those mothers had children up to two and a half year of life which may prone to recall bias compared to our study. Besides this in Iran low birth weight and multiple birth children were excluded in the study this could also underestimate the finding. The possible reason for variation with Kamba Woreda may be due to difference in the study period since the study in Kamba was done before six year ago and nowadays, the health extension workers play a great role in the dissemination of information about child feeding practice for the community. The finding was lower than the study conducted in Bangladesh (71%) [17], Halaba Kulito (57.8%) [18], Dessie referral hospital(65.1%) [19] and Addis Ababa (83%) [20], Hiwot Fana specialized hospital (60.5%) [21], Mekelle (62.8%) [22], Lalibela (63%) [23], Sodo town, Southern Ethiopia (71.2%) [24]. These incongruent findings are may be due to timely initiation of complementary feeding in Bangladesh included those mothers who initiated feeding in 6–8 months compared with our study exactly at 6 months. Also differences in Addis Ababa, Hiwot Fana hospital, Mekelle and Lalibela were done both in an urban and rural community while our study solely conducted in a rural community may bring this great variation because mothers in urban community are near for accessing information by different media regarding timely initiation of complementary feeding compared to a rural community. The discripances with the study done in Sodo town, Ethiopia may be due to variations in residence, since a study done in Sodo was in urban community this may give better opportunity for timely initiation of complementary feeding while, our study done in rural community may have negative impact by different mechanisms like the community may not be accessed adequate information about timely initiation of complementary feeding.

Occupation of mothers, occupation of the spouses, place of delivery and PNC visits were associated with timely initiation of complementary feeding.

Occupation of the mother is one of the factors that affect timely initiations of complementary feeding. In this case, those mothers who kept livestock were 2.21 times more likely to initiated timely complementary feeding than a housewife. This is consistent with studies conducted in Kamba and Lalibela districts [16, 23]. The reason may be due to keep livestock mothers usually stay out of home and they may get sufficient information about timely initiation of complementary feeding in contrast to housewife as they stay at home to wean their children early or late initiation of complementary feeding.

The occupations of the spouse were also affect timely initiation of complementary feeding. Daily labourer and merchants were more likely to initiated timely complementary feeding compared to farmers. This finding was consistent with a study done in Pakistan [25], Gode district, Ethiopia [26]. This may be happened since merchants has better income and able to provide complementary feeding to their young infants. Beside this merchants and daily labourers may also have better chance of getting information regarding complementary feeding compared with farmers.

Postnatal care user mothers’ were more likely to initiated timely complementary feeding to their infants compared to those who did not follow the service. The finding is inline with Axum, Ethiopia [27] and Kamba district, Ethiopia [16]. Mothers who had no postnatal care follow up were start complementary feeding earlier before 6 months or later after 8 months compared to mothers who not followed the PNC care. A postnatal period could be an ideal time to counsel mothers on optimal complementary feeding practiceas studies shown in Mekelle, Ethiopia [22], Addis Ababa [20] and Lalibela District, Ethiopia [23].

Generally, this study has a great impact or benefit for mothers to enhancing their habit of timely initiation of complementary feeding and also helps to reducing malnutrions of the children. Since, there is no study done in rural community of Ethiopia including the study area, this study helps to show the current conditions or figures of complementary feeding for different stakeholders. Finally, this study was mainly focused on the prevalence of timely initiation of complementary feeding. So that types of foods items or food diversities to be initiated were not addressed in this study.

Conclusion

The prevalence of timely introduction of complementary feeding in children aged 6–24 months is low in study setting. This finding was mainly affected by home delivery, unable to attend postnatal care follow-up, being housewife and farmers. This indicates that still, the community did not get adequate information about timely initiation of complementary feeding. It needs great effort and collaborative work from different stakeholders; like ministrey of health, regional health bureau, district health office, non governmental organizations and health care professionals to disseminateing information about the importance of timely initiation of complementary feeding to overcome child malnutrition. All health professionals including health extension workers should give attention to advising and counseling for mothers and their husbands about timely initiation of complementary feeding during antenatal, delivery and post natal period. Further research should be conducted by using qualitative study design to understand deeply socio-cultural and behavioral related factors towards timely initiation of complementary feeding.

(DOCX)

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15 Dec 2021

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Reviewer #1: The whole manuscript is based on a community-based cross-sectional study to discuss the prevalence of complementary feeding initiation and associated factors

among mothers having children aged 6-24 Months in rural north-central Ethiopia. The investigation focus on the mother's situation, such as mother’s career, spouse career, mother's age, work environment, birth intervals.

Major critique:

1) Authors claimed that it needs great effort to disseminate information regarding the importance of timely initiation of complementary feeding to overcome child malnutrition. But there have been prospective studies on related topics, which may put this article in a insufficient innovation position, such as Complementary Feeding Habits in Children Under the Age of 2 YearsLiving in the City of Adama in theOromia Region in Central Ethiopia:Traditional Ethiopian Food Study, 2021.

Other points

2) To explore the prevalence, it would be helpful to discuss th status of children's growth and some specific diseases in the study, such as wasting, stunting, underweight, and low body mass index.

3) The specific food of complementary feeding may add into the study, Including but not limited to vegetables, cereals (teff, wheat, barley), and fruits.

4) The discussion focus comparison between this study and the others’ work, but lack for explaining the innovation and advantage, or their own defects.

Reviewer #2: Dear Authors

Thanks for the efforts that has been made to accomplish this work. The topic is interesting, however, the selected test is not appropriate to report such results. I would highly suggest asking for consultation to re do the test especially for the factor analysis section. Grammatical check is needed as well and you need to remove some parts or re write it such as dependent and independent variables, operational definition etc.

Reviewer #3: The data analysis is incomplete and can be expanded further. There is lack of novelty in the study and researchers should try to explore more variables which may have a relation with the timely initiation of complementary feeding. The overall language needs editing. The flow is not maintained.

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Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes: Nishtha Kathuria

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7 Jan 2022

Response to Reviewers

PONE-D-21-34084

Prevalence of Timely Complementary Feeding Initiation and Associated Factors among Mothers Having Children Aged 6-24 Months in Rural North-central Ethiopia: Community based Cros-sectional Study

Dear Dr. Ammal Mokhtar Metwally, Ph.D (MD)

Thank you very much for your ongoing consideration of our manuscript (PONE-D-21-34084) for publication in PLOS ONE. We have revised the manuscript to reflect your (editor) comments and those of the reviewers, and our point-by-point responses are shown on the next few pages. We appreciate the time spent by you and the reviewers, and hope you agree that the revised manuscript is both improved and now suitable for publication. We look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.

Yours sincerely,

Moges Wubneh Abate

Email:wmoges7@gmail.com

Editor comments

1. Background: The timely initiation of complementary foods during infancy is necessary for growth and development. In the past years, despite efforts put to increase timely initiation of complementary feeding among lactating mothers in Ethiopia by different stakeholders, the goal is not attain as expected----not clear

Authors’ response

Thank you dear editor for your insight and we have amended this section. It now reads:

Background: Complementary foods are defined as any solid or liquid foods with a nutritional value other than breast milk offered to children. Timely initiation of complementary foods during infancy is necessary for growth and development. The first two years of life are important period for rapid physical, cognitive and social development that requires optimal nutrition.

2. Introduction needs overall improvement and language editing

Authors’ response

Thank you dear editor for your insight and we have amended this section. It now reads in page4 (paragraph1; line2-10, paragraph 2; line1-4, paragraph3; line1-4 and paragraph4; line2-5).

3. It would be good to depict the relation between mothers reproductive history and health service utilization with initiation of complementary food.

Authors’ response

Dear editor we accepted your comment, but the authors try to showed the assosation between some of reproductive history like partiy and health service utilizations like ANC, PNC history with initiation of complementary feeding even if; some of these variables had not significant association with timely initiation of complementary feeding.

Reviewer #1: The whole manuscript is based on a community-based cross-sectional study to discuss the prevalence of complementary feeding initiation and associated factors among mothers having children aged 6-24 Months in rural north-central Ethiopia. The investigation focus on the mother's situation, such as mother’s career, spouse career, mother's age, work environment, birth intervals.

Major critique:

1) Authors claimed that it needs great effort to disseminate information regarding the importance of timely initiation of complementary feeding to overcome child malnutrition. But there have been prospective studies on related topics, which may put this article in a insufficient innovation position, such as Complementary Feeding Habits in Children Under the Age of 2 Years Living in the City of Adama in theOromia Region in Central Ethiopia: Traditional Ethiopian Food Study, 2021.

Other points

2) To explore the prevalence, it would be helpful to discuss th status of children's growth and some specific diseases in the study, such as wasting, stunting, underweight, and low body mass index.

3) The specific food of complementary feeding may add into the study, Including but not limited to vegetables, cereals (teff, wheat, barley), and fruits.

4) The discussion focus comparison between this study and the others’ work, but lack for explaining the innovation and advantage, or their own defects.

Authors’ response for Reviewer #1

Authors’ response: 1.

Dear reviewer, thank you for your insight but the objective of the study done in Adama city was focused on food habits or nutritional status of the children were assessed at the same time where as, our study is focused on howmany of mothers were initiated complementary feeding at 6 months

Authors’ response: 2

Dear reviewer thank you for your suggestions but the objective of this study was timely initiations of complementary feeding, not the nutritional status of the children. There are studies done specfically to address nutritional status among children. Example: Undernutrition and associated factors among urban children aged 24–59 months in Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study

Authors’ response: 3

Thank you dear reviewer for constructive comment but this study was mainly focused does mothers in rural community initiated timely complementary feeding irrespective of food diversity. And also the authors set reccommendation for other researchers in discussion section to include food items page 15; paragraph 5, line 5-7.

Authors’ response: 4

Thank you dear reviewer for constructive comments and the authors corrected the comments. Now reads it on page 15; paragraph 5, line 1-7.

Reviewer #2: Dear Authors

Thanks for the efforts that has been made to accomplish this work. The topic is interesting; however, the selected test is not appropriate to report such results. I would highly suggest asking for consultation to re do the test especially for the factor analysis section. Grammatical check is needed as well and you need to remove some parts or re write it such as dependent and independent variables, operational definition etc.

Authors’ response for Reviewer #2

Authors’ response

Dear reviewer thank you for your kind words sothat, based on your suggestion we were ask consultation to different researchers. So based on the resarchers recommendation for this study is pereferable to be binary logistic regression test. Grammar errors were checked and corrected accordingly through out the entire manuscripts based on your recommendation. We re-write and amended in dependent and independent variables, operational definition based on reviewer recommandations. Now read it on page 5 and 6 in the manuscript.

Reviewer #3: The data analysis is incomplete and can be expanded further. There is lack of novelty in the study and researchers should try to explore more variables which may have a relation with the timely initiation of complementary feeding. The overall language needs editing. The flow is not maintained.

Authors’ response for Reviewer #3

Authors’ response

Dear reviewer thank you for your comment the objective of this study is mainly focused on howmany of mothers in this rural community of Ethiopia were initiated complementary feeding. Eventhough, there are unexplored variables present in this study; the authors believed that the tested variables are adequate. We have also set recommendation for other researchers to conducting study in this area or tittle in last paragraph of discussion section. The language or grammar errors were corrected as per recommendations of the reviewer in the entire section of the manuscript. We have made amendement on the manuscript flow in the entire section based on your recommendation.

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.

1 Apr 2022

Prevalence of Timely Complementary Feeding Initiation and Associated Factors among Mothers Having Children Aged 6-24 Months in Rural North-central Ethiopia: Community based Cros-sectional Study

PONE-D-21-34084R1

Dear Dr. ABATE,

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Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

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Reviewer #2: Yes

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Reviewer #2: Dear Authors

Thanks for considering all comments.

This version is much better than previous one.

I wish you the good luck in your submission this time.

If you need any further clarification please do contact me

Cheers

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Reviewer #2: Yes: Manal I. Kassab

9 May 2022

PONE-D-21-34084R1

Prevalence of Timely Complementary Feeding Initiation and Associated Factors among Mothers Having Children Aged 6-24 Months in Rural North-central Ethiopia: Community based Cros-sectional Study

Dear Dr. Abate:

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