Monitoring Cell Death Via Ion Leakage and PAM Fluorometry.

Cell death in plants plays a major role during development as well as in response to certain biotic and abiotic stresses. For example, plant cell death can be triggered in a tightly regulated way during the hypersensitive response (HR) in defense against pathogens or be elicited by pathogenic toxin deployment. Monitoring cell death and its impact on plant health can aid in the quantification of plant disease symptoms and help to identify the underlying molecular pathways. Here, we describe our current protocol for monitoring plant cell death via ion leakage and Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM) fluorometry. We further provide a detailed protocol for the sample preparation, the measurement, and the data evaluation and discuss the complementary nature of ion leakage and PAM fluorometry as well as the potential of PAM fluorometry for high-throughput screenings.