| Literature DB >> 35582699 |
J Balsa Vázquez1, D Alonso Menchén1, M M Martín Lloréns1, J Sanz Moreno1.
Abstract
Although fever and respiratory symptoms are the main clinical expression of COVID-19 disease, important extrapulmonary complications that affect the majority of the organs and systems may occur. Multisystemic involvement can mainly be attributed to the generalized location of ACE2 receptors throughout the body, which act as the main point of entry for the virus. Systemic manifestations may occasionally appear before the typical symptoms, although they generally occur later or are sequelae of the disease. Thromboembolic complications are concerning due to their frequency and severity; they are the result of a hypercoagulable state with multiple possible clinical manifestations. Cardiac, neurological, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine-metabolic, skin, and ocular complications may occur. The manifestations and specific therapeutic aspects of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women as well as implications of the disease on children are discussed. The corresponding tests must be performed in all patients with a clinical suspicion of COVID-19 in order to confirm the diagnosis of the infection. The specific diagnostic tests that are indicative of involvement of different organs are guided based on clinical suspicion. These tests are conducted on an individual basis taking into account the isolation measures required and the severity of each case. Likewise, the corresponding treatment is administered according to criteria that generally similar to those for the general population. .Entities:
Keywords: ACE2 receptors; COVID-19 infection; Extrapulmonary manifestations; Multisystemic involvement
Year: 2022 PMID: 35582699 PMCID: PMC9097973 DOI: 10.1016/j.med.2022.05.004
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Medicine (Madr) ISSN: 0304-5412
Fases cronológicas de la COVID-19
| PCR* | Fase de la enfermedad | Intervalo desde el inicio de los síntomas |
|---|---|---|
| Positiva | Aguda | Hasta 4 semanas |
| Negativa | Postaguda |
PCR: reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. *PCR realizada en muestra nasofaríngea o de vías respiratorias.
Fig. 1Manifestaciones sistémicas en el paciente con COVID-19. Adaptada de Gupta A, et al. ACV: accidente cerebrovascular; IRA: insuficiencia renal aguda.
Fig. 2Descripción del vínculo entre los componentes inflamatorios y hemostáticos. SDRA: síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo; TEP: tromboembolismo pulmonar. Adaptada de Morejón P3.
Fig. 3Tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo bilateral (tomografía computarizada de tórax). Imagen cedida por la Dra. Aída Gutiérrez.
Fig. 4Diferentes patrones de manifestaciones cutáneas en la COVID-19. Imágenes cedidas por la Dra. Ana Rodríguez-Villa Lario.
Síndrome post-COVID-19. Manifestaciones clínicas
| Órgano/sistema implicado | Síntomas |
|---|---|
| Respiratorio | Tos, disnea, insuficiencia respiratoria precisando oxigenoterapia crónica |
| Coagulación | Enfermedad tromboembólica activa/secuelas |
| Neuropsiquiátrico | Cefaleas, alteraciones cognitivas, trastornos del sueño |
| Corazón | Palpitaciones, dolor torácico |
| Riñón | Enfermedad renal crónica |
| Locomotor | Debilidad, mialgias, cansancio |
| Piel y fáneras | Caída del cabello |