A prospective trial of CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation for lung tumors.

Background: Percutaneous ablation is an alternative treatment for lung cancer in non-operable patients. This is a prospective clinical trial for percutaneous microwave ablation (pMWA) of biopsy-proven lung cancer to demonstrate safety and efficacy.
Methods: A prospective trial from 6-1-2016 to 1-1-2019 enrolled patients with biopsy-proven primary or metastatic lung cancer <3 cm in size and 1 cm away from the pleura for pMWA with the Emprint Ablation System with Thermosphere Technology for Phase I analysis, (Clinicaltrials.gov; #NCT0267302). Patients were followed for 1 year with PET/CT and PET/MR to determine patterns of recurrence and efficacy of ablation.
Results: After 12 patients consented for biopsy, 6 patients underwent treatment of 7 lesions, 3/6 women, median age of 67 (IQR, 65-70) years, body mass index (BMI): 27.8 (IQR, 21.4-32.1) kg/m2, lesion distance to pleura 24.4 (IQR, 13-38) mm, lesion size of 10.7 (IQR, 6-14) mm, and ablation duration time 5.9 (IQR, 3-10) minutes. pMWA were completed at 75 W. Twelve adverse events were reported (1 Grade 3, 3 Grade 2, and 8 Grade 1 events) with Grade 4 or 5 events. Mean % change after ablation in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was -2% and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was -1%. After 2-3 months, the lesions would decrease in size, rim thickness, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) activity, and T2 signal. FDG activity after 6 months was below blood pool in all cases. The ablation zones stabilized by 6-12 months. One patient expired during the study from pneumonia unrelated to ablation without local recurrence. Of the seven ablations during the 1 year follow-up, there was local tumor recurrence at 271 days following ablation at the apex of the ablation zone, subsequently successfully treated with percutaneous cryoablation (Cryo). Conclusions: pMWA appears to be a safe and effective mechanism for treatment of primary and secondary tumors of the lung, with possible preservation of pulmonary function. 2022 Journal of Thoracic Disease. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Today, surgical resection remains the gold standard treatment for localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1). However, surgery is invasive and not without complications (2). Not all patients are suitable candidates for surgery, especially those with limited pulmonary function or who have undergone extensive prior surgery. Patients classified as “inoperable” by a surgeon are typically treated with other targeted therapies such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryoablation (Cryo) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), or systemic therapy (3-5). Percutaneous microwave ablation (pMWA) is an alternative option with newer data for targeted treatment of cancer within the lung compared to the abundance of data that exists with other treatment modalities.

Thermal ablation is an established method for inducing cellular damage. MWA delivers electromagnetic microwaves through biologic tissue and directly to the tumor to produce heat and cause ablation of the target tissue (6) (). Heating results in thermal coagulation and localized tissue necrosis. MWA can be performed percutaneously, laparoscopically, through open procedures, or natural orifices.

Figure 1

Technique of MWA ablation. MWA, microwave ablation.

MWA has several potential advantages over RFA or Cryo (7). In MWA, the heating process is active and delivers continuous heating at optimal temperatures in the tumor allowing for more complete thermal ablation in a shorter period of time agnostic of the surrounding tissue type. In addition, microwaves can penetrate tissues that have a high impedance to electrical current resulting in an ability to create larger tumor ablation fields (7). MWA also has increased affinity for water-based tissue with a minimal heat-sink effect and can utilize multiple applicators to deliver an improved convection profile, with less procedural pain (8,9). Clinical data to support the use of MWA in lung tumors is limited in terms of robust sample sizes with adequate long-term recurrence data. Additionally there are only a few studies that document proof of malignancy prior to ablation. However, preliminary literature suggests that MWA provides good local control with minimal complications for the treatment of lung cancer and may produce a replicable ablation zone in other tissue types (10).

The Emprint Ablation System (Medtronic, Boulder, CO, USA) with Thermosphere Technology () is a unique product for ablating solid organs. The EmprintTM procedure planning application is an interactive tool that predicts the size of an MWA zone based on probe placement, time, power, and target tissue type and represents data visually on pre- or intra-procedure CT images for visual planning. This computerized visual feedback is intended to allow the operator to adjust probe position, energy delivered, or duration of ablation to maximize the efficacy of the ablation procedure (5). The efficacy of this planning technology was evaluated in a recent clinical trial entitled EMPRESS (Clinicaltrials.gov; #NCT02323854).

Figure 2

Emprint Ablation System with Thermosphere Technology.

The system includes three controls to maintain spherical ablation zones:

❖ Thermal control—advanced antenna cooling prevents the antenna shaft from interfering with the ablation zone.

❖ Field control—advanced antenna geometry focuses energy at the tip of the device allowing for a precise spherical electromagnetic field.

❖ Wavelength control—the active antenna buffering maintains the spherical electromagnetic field during the ablation procedure.

Despite the evolution of microwave technology in the lung, there exists a literature gap regarding the use of this particular planning software to determine the appropriate time and power to achieve an adequate ablation margin, and the safety associated with this particular technology.

The aim of this study was to conduct a prospective analysis of safety and feasibility of pMWA using the Emprint system for biopsy proven primary or secondary lung tumors. Additionally, the authors sought to determine the efficacy of the pre-planning system to predict a 5 mm margin and determine the time and power used during ablation. Finally, technical success and patient outcomes were evaluated as a secondary endpoint. We present the following article in accordance with the TREND reporting checklist (available at https://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jtd-21-1636/rc).

Methods

This was a prospective, non-randomized, single-arm, single center study, designed to demonstrate efficacy and safety of the Emprint™ Ablation System using a percutaneous approach in patients with primary or secondary lung tumors (Clinicaltrials.gov; #NCT02673021). After obtaining approval from the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (IRB #15-001758), patients were consented and enrolled based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the protocol, as seen in . Additionally, patients were excluded if they had prior ablation to the treatment zone, or any clips/staples in this region from a prior resection. Additionally, patients who were candidates for surgical resection were also included in the trial after a multidisciplinary discussion.

Table 1

Inclusion/exclusion criteria for study

Inclusion	Exclusion
Subject must be at least 18 years old	Subject is pregnant or breast feeding
Subject is able to understand the study procedures and provide informed consent	Subject has a significant clinical disease or condition, e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, hematological, psychiatric or neurologic that would preclude enrollment, as determined by the primary investigator
Subject is willing and able to complete the entire study as specified in the protocol, including the follow-up visits	Subject has another location of disease that is not controlled, and there are no plans for control
Subject has lung lesion that is biopsy-proven cancer (of any type) or suspicious, with confirmation at the time of the procedure	Subject has more than 10 lung nodules
Lung lesion(s) are reachable/treatable per clinician opinion	If subject has acute or chronic severe renal (kidney) insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 they will not receive contrast with imaging
Subject can have other location of disease if it is controlled, or there are plans for control	Subject has renal dysfunction due to the hepato-renal syndrome or in the perioperative liver transplantation period
Subject has 1 or more lung nodules (not more than 10), that have a mean diameter <3 cm on axial CT scan	Prior ablation/metal/staple line within the treatment zone
Life expectancy ≥6 months

Patients were screened and enrolled by a board-certified thoracic surgeon and subspecialty interventional radiologist as well as reviewed by the multidisciplinary ablation tumor board to determine eligibility criteria, . All patients gave informed consent prior to enrollment and the study conformed to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Patients were required to have biopsy confirmation of malignancy prior to ablation. Additionally, all patients obtained pulmonary function testing within 3 months prior to ablation and subsequently within 3 months after ablation to assess changes in functional status.

Figure 3

Consort diagram.

Ablations were carried out using a percutaneous approach via the FDA-approved commercially available Emprint Ablation System (Medtronic USA, Microwave Ablation System, Medtronic). All cases in this study were performed by 4 radiologists trained in lung ablation. Ablations were performed either in the radiology procedural suite or hybrid operating room with both the radiologist and thoracic surgeon present for every case. Patients were intubated with a double lumen endotracheal tube under general endotracheal anesthesia and paralyzed, with single-lung ventilation. Prior to placement of the ablation probe, a planning CT scan was performed and loaded into the Emprint Ablation System software. The software was used to plan the route and depth of microwave probe placement and the power and time of microwave energy to achieve 5 mm minimum margin relative to the index ablation target. After placement of the actual probe, a second CT scan was performed, simulated ablation zones generated using the Emprint Ablation System software. This allowed the initial plan for energy delivery to be altered, if necessary, for small deviations in probe position, differences in lung aeration or other change in physical geometry from the planning CT.

Technical success was defined as successful placement of the microwave probe in the planned location, successful delivery of the planned dose of microwave energy, and complete coverage of the ablation target by the ablation zone. Minimum ablation zone margin was determined on an immediate post-procedure CT by manual measurement of the minimum distance from the edge of the ablation target to the edge of the ablation zone. As a goal of the study was to determine the efficacy of ablation as prescribed by the Emprint Ablation Planning software, actual measured margins were not included in the definition of technical success and repeat ablation was not immediately performed for a minimum margin <5 mm. Safety was defined as less than 20% incidence of a serious adverse event (Grade 3 or above).

Following the procedure, patients were admitted for overnight observation on a thoracic surgical service and monitored for bleeding or pneumothorax. A massive hemoptysis protocol was created and readily available.

Imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT, and PET/MR was performed one day after the first 3 lesions underwent MWA. Standard of care diagnostic CT was performed within 16–48 hours post-procedure and additionally at 1–2-month and 6-month follow-up. FDG PET/CT was performed within 16–48 hours post procedure and additionally at 1–2-month and 6-month follow-up. FDG PET/MR was performed within 16–48 hours post procedure and at the 1–2-month follow-up visit.

Following discharge from the hospital, patients were seen between three to 10 weeks following the procedure with a CT scan of the chest, PET scan and pulmonary function testing. Imaging was then subsequently repeated at 6 months and 1 year thereafter. The ablation zone was defined as the region of alveolar opacity (ground glass or consolidation) generated by the on the immediate post-ablation CT after needle removal and as the solid or cavitary opacity at the treatment site on later follow-up examinations.

Statistical analysis

Technical success was defined as successful placement of the ablation probe in the planned position in the lung and the delivery of the planned dose of microwave energy.

Efficacy was defined as stability or involution of the ablation zone (i.e., lack of local tumor progression) on subsequent follow up exams to the study endpoint of 1 year.

Local tumor progression was defined as (I) growth of the ablation zone by 20% or more from the baseline post procedure measurement or from any new nadir in size established on subsequent follow-up, (II) new nodularity at the margin of an ablation zone.

The ablation zone was defined as the region of treatment-induced ground glass opacity at the target site on the immediate, post-procedure CT and as the region of solid or cavitary opacity on subsequent follow-up CTs. As the index ablation target is obscured by the ablation zone after treatment, the ablation zone was measured using RECIST criteria as a proxy for the index ablation target. Local tumor progression was defined as an increase in RECIST measurements of 20% from a prior follow-up CT or as new nodularity on the margin of the ablation zone or new FDG avidity in the ablation zone on follow-up exams. CT measurements were performed by a board certified non-blinded radiologist proficient in ablation and interpretation of chest CTs. PET-MRI was independently evaluated by a non-blinded board-certified nuclear medicine radiologist well versed in interpretation of chest imaging. Adverse event data were collected starting from the initial administration of anesthesia until their 12-month post procedure follow-up visit.

Primary endpoints of the study included efficacy and safety. Efficacy was defined as lack of local tumor progression within the 1-year study period. The safety evaluation is based on the major complication rates of performing MWA. Secondary endpoints related to recurrence-free survival and overall radiologic response at 6 months and 1 year.

Results

Between June 2016 and January 2019, a total of 6 patients and 7 lesions were treated under the study protocol. An additional 6 patients were enrolled into the study but ultimately did not receive MWA (one patient declined treatment, one underwent Cryo, and four patients were withdrawn because the ablation probes became unavailable due to a voluntary antennae recall). Additional patients refused to enroll in the study secondary to the need for a staged biopsy prior to treatment. The cohort of treated patients consisted of 3 males and 3 females, respectively with a median age of 67 (IQR, 65–70) years. Three metastatic colorectal tumors and four primary adenocarcinoma lung tumors were treated. Demographic details are included in .

Table 2

Demographic data

Patient	Age (years)	Sex	BMI	No. of nodules	Location	Size (mm)	Histology	Distance to pleura (mm)
1a	65	Female	21.4	10	LUL	5	Colorectal	31
1b	66	Female	22.3	9	RUL	6	Colorectal	12
2	55	Male	29.8	2	LUL	7	Colorectal	24
3	67	Female	38.6	1	RLL	13	Lung (AC)	14
4	72	Male	29.9	1	LUL	22	Lung (AC)	13
5	67	Male	20.8	1	RML	8	Lung (AC)	39
6	70	Female	32.1	1	LUL	14	Lung (AC)	38

BMI, body mass index; LUL, left upper lobe; RUL, right upper lobe; RLL, right lower lobe; AC, adenocarcinoma; RML, right middle lobe.

All but 2 patients had one nodule identified on CT that underwent treatment. Patient 1 had 10 nodules identified and underwent 2 separate MWA treatments. She had previously undergone a thoracotomy with right upper lobectomy and right middle lobe wedge resections. At the time of the first treatment, she had one nodule treated with MWA and another nodule on the same side treated with Cryo. At a separate time one nodule was treated in the contralateral lung with MWA and two nodules on the same side were treated with Cryo. Patient 2 had two nodules identified, one was treated by MWA and the other was stable and observed.

Median lesion size was 10.7 (IQR, 6–14) mm. All ablations were completed at 75 W. The median ablation time was 5 (IQR, 2–10) minutes. The mean ablation time was 5.9 (IQR, 3–10) minutes. Technical success rate was achieved in all procedures. Twelve adverse events were reported (1 Grade 3, 3 Grade 2, and 8 Grade 1 events) with no Grade 4 or 5 events.

Of the seven ablations during the 1 year follow-up, there was one local tumor recurrence at 271 days following ablation presenting as new nodularity at the apex of the ablation zone; this was subsequently successfully treated with percutaneous Cryo. One additional local tumor recurrence was identified after the established observation time at 512 days with diffuse enlargement of the ablation zone, which was resected surgically at 839 days from initial treatment. Complete procedural details are located within .

Table 3

Procedural characteristics

Patient	Ablation target size (RL × AP × SI) (mm)	Immediate ablation zone size (L × W × H) (mm)	Ablation duration (minutes)	Ablation energy (W)	Plan minimum margin (mm)	Measured minimum margin (mm)	Anesthesia time (hours:minutes)
1a	5×4×4	31×11×11	2	75	6	4	3:25
1b	6×6×6	43×24×24	5	75	8	8	4:48
2	7×4×4	35×28×27	3	75	7	5	1:29
3	13×9×12	36×17×15	6	75	7	2	2:45
4	22×20×16	45×33×40	10	75	10	5	2:24
5	8×7×7	35×25×24	5	75	5	4	2:10
6	9×14×12	37×33×40	10	75	5	5	3:07

RL, right left; AP, anterior posterior; SI, superior inferior; L, length; W, width; H, height.

The length of stay following treatment was overnight except for one ablation that required 2 nights for a pneumothorax requiring tube thoracostomy. Twelve adverse events were reported (). There were no Grade 4 or 5 adverse events. There was one adverse event that was Grade 3, in a patient with upper respiratory tract infection treated with antibiotics. Grade 2 events included pain (n=2), and pneumothorax (n=1).

Table 4

Adverse events

Patient	Term	Grade	Outcome	Related
1	Pain	Grade 2	Resolved spontaneously	Possible
1	Pneumothorax	Grade 2	Resolved with treatment	Probable
1	Pleural effusion	Grade 1	Resolved spontaneously	Probable
1	Dyspnea	Grade 1	Ongoing at study end	Possible
1	Fatigue	Grade 1	Ongoing at study end	Unlikely
1	Pain	Grade 2	Resolved with treatment	Probable
1	Atelectasis	Grade 1	Resolved spontaneously	Probable
1	Pleural effusion	Grade 1	Resolved spontaneously	Probable
2	Pneumothorax	Grade 1	Resolved spontaneously	Definite
4	Pain	Grade 1	Resolved with treatment	Definite
4	Atelectasis	Grade 1	Ongoing at study end	Unrelated
6	Upper respiratory infection	Grade 3	Resolved with treatment	Unrelated

Per study protocol, all patients completed 1 year follow-up except one patient. At 1 year, 5 patients were alive. Patient 6 developed bilateral lower lobe aspiration pneumonia unrelated to the procedure and unfortunately expired 4 months after her ablation. Given that she had no symptoms or radiographic evidence of pneumonia immediately following her procedure and the original ablation site was the left upper lobe, this was deemed unrelated to her procedure. One patient expired from extra-thoracic metastatic disease outside the study window, at 20 months post-ablation.

Pre and post procedural pulmonary function testing was captured (). Notably, the pulmonary function testing was not adversely affected in all but subjects 1 and 5. Subject 1 did not have pulmonary function testing between her surgery and initial MWA; therefore, the 32.3% decrease in her forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) could be contributed to multiple lung resections. The mean and median % change in FEV1 for patients 2–6 who had ablation alone was −2% and −2%, respectively. The mean and median % change in diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) for the same patients was −1% and an increase in 4%, respectively (). Additionally in patients 2–6, there was a median change of 0% in vital capacity and forced vital capacity.

Table 5

Pulmonary function status

Subject	FEV1, L				FEV1, %				DLCO, %			Days post procedure
	Pre	Post	% change		Pre	Post	% change		Pre	Post	% change
1a1	2.07	1.40	−32.3%		103%	68%	−35%		56%	ND	ND	163
1b	1.4	1.42	1.4%		68%	72%	4%		ND	39%	ND	45
2	3.2	3.17	−0.1%		82%	82%	−0%		82%	86%	4%	64
4	2.52	2.28	−9.5%		106%	96%	−10%		92%	77%	−15%	34
5	3.04	3.64	19.7%		104%	125%	21%		67%	72%	5%	62
6	1.65	1.59	−3.6%		52%	50%	−2%		50%	45%	−5%	47
7	0.9	1.25	38.9%		43%	61%	−18%		63%	70%	7%	46

1, pulmonary function tests completed prior to surgery completed before the ablation; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; DLCO, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide; ND, not done.

Figure 4

Graphical representation of changes in (A)% FEV1 and (B) DLCO per patient, pre- and post-ablation , Patient 1 did not have post-ablation DLCO data recorded after the first ablation, or pre-ablation DLCO data recorded prior to the second ablation. FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; DLCO, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide.

Based on CT imaging of each nodule (), there was a median decrease of 42.75% based on RECIST criteria at 6 months, and 48.6% at 1 year ().

Figure 5

Temporal evolution of MWA zones without (A-F) and with (G-L) local recurrence. Patient 4 (without recurrence): CT images of a 22×20 mm lung adenocarcinoma before (A, black arrow) and during (B) MWA with device in place. Immediate post-ablation CT image demonstrates the initial ablation zone (C, arrowheads). Follow-up CT at 181 days (D) demonstrates an irregular cavity nodule at the ablation site much smaller than the initial zone. The cavity had resolved and ablation zone had decreased in size on 362 (E) and 734 days (F) follow-up scans. No evidence of recurrence. Patient 2 (with recurrence) (G-L): CT images of a 7×4 mm rectal cancer metastasis before (G, black arrow) and during (H) MWA with device in place. Immediate post-ablation CT image demonstrates the initial ablation zone (I, arrowheads). At 186 days follow-up, ablation zone was a small solid nodule with no evidence of recurrence (J). The ablation zone had decreased in size and density at 271 days (K), but a new 4 mm nodule consistent with recurrent disease (white arrow) had developed immediately adjacent to the deep margin of the zone. Ablation zone had further decreased in size and density at 368 days, but presumed recurrence had increased in size (L). MWA, microwave ablation.

Table 6

Tumor measurement data and RECIST criteria

Patient	Immediate			≤6 months				At 12 months
	Ablation zone size (mm)	RECIST		Ablation zone size (mm)	RECIST	% change		Ablation zone size (mm)	RECIST	% change
1a	5	42		23	34	−19.1%		26	32	−23.8%
1b	6	66		NA	NA	NA		29	38	−42.4%
2*	7	63		23	33	−47.2%		18	29	−54.0%
3	13	53		12	22	−58.5%		10	18	−66.0%
4	22	85		27	43	−49.4%		18	39	−54.1%
5	8	60		24	37	−38.3%		20	34	−43.3%
6	14	77		29	66	−14.3%		NA	NA	NA

*, patient 2 had continued shrinkage of the lesion and RECIST criteria demonstrated smaller size, but a clearly new distinct nodule at the apex of the ablation zone was characterized as a local tumor recurrence, as seen in . RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.

PET-MRI data

At 24 hours post-ablation the central necrotic core of the ablation zone showed complete lack of FDG activity, and lack of enhancement (on CT or MRI), increased T1 signal (likely due to blood products and proteinaceous fluid), and increased T2 signal (likely due to edema). Also, at 24 hours post-ablation there was also a thin rim of mild FDG activity and contrast enhancement (CT and MRI) at the edge of the ablation zone and normal lung, likely inflammatory. The rim of enhancement on MRI was best seen at 3–5 minutes post injection of contrast on MRI. The PET activity was best seen when respiratory gating was applied. The rim of FDG activity seen in at 24 hours did not exceed blood pool activity in any case. No focal activity or nodular enhancement was seen to suggest residual cancer was present at the edge of the ablation zone in any case at 24 hours. Even in retrospect, the single tumor ablation site that later showed recurrence (patient 2) did not show findings on CT, MRI or FDG PET suggestive of technical failure/residual disease at 24 hours post ablation ().

Figure 6

Patient 2. (A) At 19 hours post-ablation, the treated tissue with an area of ground-glass can be seen at the treatment site. At one day (22 hours) post-ablation the devascularized treated tissue in the central ablation zone (B) is routinely devoid of FDG activity (red arrow), surrounded by a thin wall/rim that is mildly FDG avid (C). At 1–2 months post-ablation the rim routinely thickens (D) and can become more FDG avid (E, orange arrow) as healing granulation tissue forms. After 2–3 months the FDG activity decreased over time in all cases. FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose.

Figure 7

Patient 2. At one day (23 hours) post-ablation the tract of the ablation device is still visible (red arrows) surrounded by devascularized edematous treated tissue in the central ablation zone showing some T1 signal and T2 signal, surrounded by a thin wall/rim that is already enhancing 1 day post ablation. Thicker rim of granulation tissue develops that can be seen here at 2 months (orange arrows) and the debris in the cavity clears.

At 1–3 months post-ablation the central ablation zone sometimes cavitated, and other times retained necrotic debris and/or fluid. The rim of the ablation zone thickened and showing mild to moderate FDG activity, enhancement, and T2 signal intensity likely due to the formation of healing granulation tissue. The thickening was sometimes asymmetric and the FDG activity was not always uniform. Activity could be less than or up to twice the SUVmax of liver, without suggesting residual or recurrent disease was present (based on follow-up).

After 2–3 months, the lesions would decrease in size, rim thickness, FDG activity, and T2 signal. FDG activity after 6 months was below blood pool in all cases. The ablation sites stabilized by 6–12 months.

Conclusions

This single institution prospective nonrandomized Phase I trial requiring biopsy of primary or secondary tumors <3 cm in size followed by percutaneous MWA appears to demonstrate safety and efficacy, with possible preservation of pulmonary function.

Multiple other ablative studies, with a variety of energy technologies, have established safety and efficacy of percutaneous ablation for lung cancer (5-7). A large systematic review and pooled analysis comparing SBRT and RFA in stage I non-operable primary lung cancer demonstrated 1 year local control rates of 77% for RFA 97% for SBRT (5) and showed that there was no difference in overall survival. RFA did have a pneumothorax in 31% of patients, and SBRT demonstrated Grade 3 pneumonitis in 2% of patients. It should be noted that Cryo theoretically has the advantage of being resistant to the cold-sink effects of ventilation compared to RFA but there have been no direct studies to prospectively evaluate Cryo vs. RFA vs. MWA (7).

With less than a decade of evaluation and few clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and safety of MWA, this trial aims to address the predictability of the Thermosphere system to achieve predictable margins and establish local control with an appropriate safety profile. One of the largest current international series of patients undergoing MWA (11) established local control rates at 1, 3, 5 years after MWA as 96%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. The median cancer-specific overall survival rate was 47.4 months. The overall survival rates at 1, 2, 3, and 5 years after MWA were 89%, 63%, 43%, and 16%, respectively. Tumors that were ≤3.5 cm were associated with better survival than tumors that were >3.5 cm.

Wolf et al. (12) retrospectively evaluated 50 patients to assess MWA effectiveness. The results of this study showed that 26% (13 of 50) of patients had residual disease at the ablation site and another 22% (11 of 50) of patients had recurrent disease resulting in a 1-year local control rate of 67%, resulting in a mean time to recurrence of 16.2 months.

This is in comparison to the recently published MALT study by Iezzi et al. (13), where 69 MWA treatments were completed in 54 patients with primary and secondary pulmonary tumors. This study reported an overall survival rate of 98.0% and 71.3% at 12 and 24 months, respectively with a local progression rate of 24.7% with an average time to progression of 8.1 months.

A retrospective single-center study by Zheng et al. (14) of 204 MWA sessions of lung tumors was conducted to determine the incidence of major complications. They reported 32 cases (15.7%) of pneumothorax requiring chest tube, 6 cases (2.9%) of pleural effusions requiring chest tube, 6 cases (2.9%) of pneumonia, 1 case (0.5%) of pulmonary abscess and 1 death (0.5%) related to the procedure. After the first procedure of MWA, complete necrosis was observed in 131 of 137 tumors with a maximum diameter of greater than 3 cm and less than 5 cm.

This current study has similar complications and efficacy profiles to the above listed trials and others (), despite the small sample size. There are few unique studies that required biopsy-proven malignancy prior to intervention and this study additionally evaluated pulmonary testing and PET-MRI evaluation on all patients. Only one recurrence during the study period is documented within the local ablation zone, with a one-year efficacy rate of 86%. The safety profile is also favorable, with a 17% pneumothorax rate requiring a chest tube, 17% pneumonia rate, and no effusions requiring a chest tube, no incidence of abscess, and no deaths. We also demonstrate preservation of forced expiratory volume and diffusion capacity, which is in concordance with Dupuy et al. (25), who studied pulmonary function testing on all patients undergoing RFA at 3 and 24 months post-procedure and found no statistical change from baseline in either metric and an increase in forced vital capacity.

Table 7

Review of literature

Author	Year	Sample size, nodules	Ablation type	Clinical trial	Study type	Biopsy required	Recurrence-free survival, in years	Histology	Duration of follow-up, in months
Reisenauer et al.	2021	7	MWA	Yes	Prospective	Yes	86% (1 year) (L)	Both	12 months
Wolf et al. (12)	2008	50	MWA	No	Retrospective	No	67% (1 year) (L)	Both	10 months (median)
Lencioni et al. (15)	2008	183	RFA	Yes	Prospective	Yes	88% (1 year) (L)	Both	24 months
Vogl et al. (16)	2011	130	MWA	Yes	Prospective	Yes	26.9% (2 years) (L)	Metastatic	24 months
Crabtree et al. (17)	2013	51	RFA	Yes	Prospective	Yes	70% (1 year) (L)	Primary NSCLC	24 months
							61% (2 years)
Yang et al. (11)	2014	47	MWA	No	Retrospective	Yes	96% (1 year) (L)	Primary NSCLC	30 months (median)
							64% (3 years)
							48% (5 years)
de Baère et al. (18)	2015	1,037	RFA	Yes	Prospective	No	40.2% (1 year) (PFS)	Metastatic	12 months
							23.3% (2 years)
							16.4% (3 years)
							13.1% (4 years)
de Baere et al. (19) (ECLIPSE)	2015	60	Cryo	Yes	Prospective	No	34% (18 months) (L)	Metastatic	12 months
Macchi et al. (20) (LUMIRA)	2017	26	MWA vs. RFA	Yes	Randomized	No	–	Metastatic	12 months
Cheng et al. (21)	2018	48	MWA	No	Retrospective	No	83% (L) at median time 31 months	Metastatic	31 months (median survival)
Kurilova et al. (22)	2018	90	MWA	No	Retrospective	No	93% (1 year) (L)	Metastatic	25.6 months (median)
							86% (2 years)
							86% (3 years)
Palussière et al. (23)	2018	42	RFA	Yes	Prospective	Yes	81% (3 years) (L)	Primary NSCLC	36 months
Callstrom et al. (24) (SOLSTICE)	2020	224	Cryo	Yes	Prospective	No	85.1% (1 year) (L)	Metastatic	24 months
							77.2% (2 years)
Iezzi et al. (13) (MALT)	2021	69	MWA	Yes	Prospective	No	75.3 (2 years) (L)	Both	24 months
Total	2008–2020	2,090	RFA: 1,339; MWA: 467; Cryo: 284	No: 235; yes: 1,855	Retrospective: 235; prospective: 1,855	No: 1,630; yes: 460	67–96% at 1 year (L)	Primary & secondary	10–36 months

MWA, microwave ablation; L, local; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PFS, progression free survival; Cryo, cryoablation.

Ideal imaging to predict recurrence following MWA of lung tumors has been extensively studied and reported. The utility of contrast-enhanced MRI alone has been demonstrated in the literature. A recent evaluation of 77 lung metastases post-MWA with MRI 24 hours later and confirmed comparable efficacy for prediction of long term recurrence and complication and potentially reduce radiation risks associated with follow-up CT imaging (26). Evaluation of lesions with combined PET-MRI long-term is unique to this study. Albeit limited size, PET-MRI consistently demonstrated a reduction in T2 signal and FDG avidity after 2–3 months and return to blood pool at 6 months. This correlates with known CT data regarding the variability of radiographic changes at the ablation site in the immediate post-procedural course and can last up to 3 months. Previous studies in up to 900 patients with various malignancies who have undergone PET-MR imaging have not elucidated a clear difference in diagnostic accuracy for up front staging, however, whether MR will emerge as a predictive modality for recurrence remains to be seen (27). Future studies will be warranted to reliably develop prediction patterns for early local treatment failure.

This study has several limitations. Despite being a prospective study, the sample size of this study is low and therefore major statistical conclusions cannot be drawn. There were many patients who underwent ablation during the period of the study who elected not to participate due to need for pre-procedural biopsy. Additionally, this study consisted of primary and secondary pulmonary tumors and further larger sample studies are warranted to analyze distinct recurrence patterns between the two histologies. Finally, this study did not directly compare planned predicted margins to actual margins. The goal was to see if the software prescribed an accurate dosage to achieve adequate margins as measured in native lungs. Because the ablation zone is larger than the target lesion and obscures the target on follow-up imaging as well as shrinkage of the surrounding tissue, the size of the initial ablation zone must be used as a proxy for lesion size for the purposes of RECIST measurements (19,24). Further investigations are needed in this area.

In conclusion, this is the first study to require biopsy and prospectively enroll patients with primary and metastatic pulmonary tumors for MWA ablation to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Percutaneous MWA is a viable option in inoperable patients with primary and secondary pulmonary tumors. MWA preserves lung parenchyma and lung function and preliminary PET-MR data suggests resolution of post-ablation changes at 2–3 months with baseline at 6 months.

The article’s supplementary files as