Delaney E Miller1, Guan Rong Tan2, Emily M Farina3, Alison L Sheets-Singer3, Steven H Collins2. 1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. dem4@stanford.edu. 2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. 3. Sports Research Laboratory, Nike Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reducing the energy cost of running with exoskeletons could improve enjoyment, reduce fatigue, and encourage participation among novice and ageing runners. Previously, tethered ankle exoskeleton emulators with offboard motors were used to greatly reduce the energy cost of running with powered ankle plantarflexion assistance. Through a process known as "human-in-the-loop optimization", the timing and magnitude of assistance torque was optimized to maximally reduce metabolic cost. However, to achieve the maximum net benefit in energy cost outside of the laboratory environment, it is also necessary to consider the tradeoff between the magnitude of device assistance and the metabolic penalty of carrying a heavier, more powerful exoskeleton. METHODS: In this study, tethered ankle exoskeleton emulators were used to characterize the effect of peak assistance torque on metabolic cost during running. Three recreational runners participated in human-in-the-loop optimization at four fixed peak assistance torque levels to obtain their energetically optimal assistance timing parameters at each level. RESULTS: We found that the relationship between metabolic rate and peak assistance torque was nearly linear but with diminishing returns at higher torque magnitudes, which is well-approximated by an asymptotic exponential function. At the highest assistance torque magnitude of 0.8 Nm/kg, participants' net metabolic rate was 24.8 ± 2.3% (p = 4e-6) lower than running in the unpowered devices. Optimized timing of peak assistance torque was as late as allowed during stance (80% of stance) and optimized timing of torque removal was at toe-off (100% of stance); similar assistance timing was preferred across participants and torque magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS: These results allow exoskeleton designers to predict the energy cost savings for candidate devices with different assistance torque capabilities, thus informing the design of portable ankle exoskeletons that maximize net metabolic benefit.
BACKGROUND: Reducing the energy cost of running with exoskeletons could improve enjoyment, reduce fatigue, and encourage participation among novice and ageing runners. Previously, tethered ankle exoskeleton emulators with offboard motors were used to greatly reduce the energy cost of running with powered ankle plantarflexion assistance. Through a process known as "human-in-the-loop optimization", the timing and magnitude of assistance torque was optimized to maximally reduce metabolic cost. However, to achieve the maximum net benefit in energy cost outside of the laboratory environment, it is also necessary to consider the tradeoff between the magnitude of device assistance and the metabolic penalty of carrying a heavier, more powerful exoskeleton. METHODS: In this study, tethered ankle exoskeleton emulators were used to characterize the effect of peak assistance torque on metabolic cost during running. Three recreational runners participated in human-in-the-loop optimization at four fixed peak assistance torque levels to obtain their energetically optimal assistance timing parameters at each level. RESULTS: We found that the relationship between metabolic rate and peak assistance torque was nearly linear but with diminishing returns at higher torque magnitudes, which is well-approximated by an asymptotic exponential function. At the highest assistance torque magnitude of 0.8 Nm/kg, participants' net metabolic rate was 24.8 ± 2.3% (p = 4e-6) lower than running in the unpowered devices. Optimized timing of peak assistance torque was as late as allowed during stance (80% of stance) and optimized timing of torque removal was at toe-off (100% of stance); similar assistance timing was preferred across participants and torque magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS: These results allow exoskeleton designers to predict the energy cost savings for candidate devices with different assistance torque capabilities, thus informing the design of portable ankle exoskeletons that maximize net metabolic benefit.
Authors: H J Zunft; D Friebe; B Seppelt; K Widhalm; A M Remaut de Winter; M D Vaz de Almeida; J M Kearney; M Gibney Journal: Public Health Nutr Date: 1999-03 Impact factor: 4.022
Authors: B T Quinlivan; S Lee; P Malcolm; D M Rossi; M Grimmer; C Siviy; N Karavas; D Wagner; A Asbeck; I Galiana; C J Walsh Journal: Sci Robot Date: 2017-01-18
Authors: Juanjuan Zhang; Pieter Fiers; Kirby A Witte; Rachel W Jackson; Katherine L Poggensee; Christopher G Atkeson; Steven H Collins Journal: Science Date: 2017-06-23 Impact factor: 47.728