| Literature DB >> 35528190 |
Anne-Sophie Braun1, Katharina Feil1, Elisabeth Reiser1, Guenter Weiss2, Thore von Steuben1, Germar Michael Pinggera3, Frank-Michael Köhn4, Bettina Toth1.
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic persists and new vaccines are developed, concerns among the general public are growing that both infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccinations against the coronavirus (mRNA vaccines) could lead to infertility or higher miscarriage rates. These fears are voiced particularly often by young adults of reproductive age. This review summarizes the current data on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and corona vaccinations on female and male fertility, based on both animal models and human data. Method A systematic literature search (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science) was carried out using the search terms "COVID 19, SARS-CoV-2, fertility, semen, sperm, oocyte, male fertility, female fertility, infertility". After the search, original articles published between October 2019 and October 2021 were selected and reviewed. Results Despite the use of very high vaccine doses in animal models, no negative impacts on fertility, the course of pregnancy, or fetal development were detected. In humans, no SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in the oocytes/follicular fluid of infected women; similarly, no differences with regard to pregnancy rates or percentages of healthy children were found between persons who had recovered from the disease, vaccinated persons, and controls. Vaccination also had no impact on live-birth rates after assisted reproductive treatment. No viral RNA was detected in the semen of the majority of infected or still infectious men; however, a significant deterioration of semen parameters was found during semen analysis, especially after severe viral disease. None of the studies found that corona vaccines had any impact on male fertility. Discussion Neither the animal models nor the human data presented in recent studies provide any indications that fertility decreases after being vaccinated against coronavirus. However, there is a growing body of evidence that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has a negative impact on male fertility and there is clear evidence of an increased risk of complications among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The counseling offered to young adults should therefore take their fears and concerns seriously as well as providing a structured discussion of the current data. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; corona vaccine; embryo; infertility; oocyte; reproduction; sperm
Year: 2022 PMID: 35528190 PMCID: PMC9076211 DOI: 10.1055/a-1750-9284
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.754
Fig. 1Study design and timing of administration of the vaccine (BNT162b2). Day 0 = start of gestation period, Day 21 = C-section or delivery 37 .
Fig. 2Course of the study 37 .
Table 1 Impact of corona vaccinations on assisted reproductive treatment (ART) cycles.
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| Vaccinated | Recovered | Control | p-value | Before | After | p-value | |
| Data are given as mean ± SD, ns = not significant | |||||||
| Number of patients | 9 | 9 | 14 | 36 | 36 | ||
| Age in years | 35.3 ± 3.97 | 34.1 ± 4.7 | 32.5 ± 5.3 | ns | 37.3 ± 17.5 | ||
| Antral follicle count | 13.3 ± 4.7 | 13.6 ± 4.1 | 15.6 ± 6.7 | 0.008 | – | – | – |
| Estradiol peak (Pmol/L) | 8874 ± 2555 | 10 810 ± 5867 | 8379 ± 4167 | ns | 6041 ± 4052 | 7708 ± 7640 | ns |
| Progesterone peak (nmol/L) | 3.29 ± 2.09 | 3.31 ± 1.14 | 1.64 ± 0.67 | ns | 2.3 ± 1.8 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | ns |
| Number of oocytes | 12.4 ± 8.7 | 10.89 ± 4.8 | 11.2 ± 6.7 | ns | 9.7 ± 6.7 | 10.1 ± 8 | ns |
| Number of mature oocytes | 7.25 ± 2.77 | 8.37 ± 4.1 | 7.75 ± 4.7 | ns | 7.94 ± 5.7 | 8.0 ± 6.5 | ns |
| Number of good-quality embryos | 0.43 ± 0.5 | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.72 ± 0.34 | ns | 2.8 ± 2.7 | 2.8 ± 3.3 | ns |
Table 2 Summary of recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection and male fertility.
| Author (year) | COVID-19 status 1 | Characteristics | Study population (n, patients/controls) | Age (median) | SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in semen | Sperm: concentration (million/ml) | Sperm: motility, WHO A+B (%) | Sperm: morphology (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1
Severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection was classified according to the COVID-19 Guideline (Xu et al. 2020
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| Holtmann N (2020) | no infection | – | 14 | 33 | negative | normal range 2 | normal range | not investigated |
| could not be classified based on Guidelines | recovered; two patients with acute infection | 14 | 43 | negative | normal range | normal range | not investigated | |
| severe | 4 | 41 | negative | normal range | pathological 2 | not investigated | ||
| Paoli D (2020) | not tested; no symptoms | patients with different malignant neoplasms | 10 | 31 | negative | normal ranges | normal range | normal range |
| Gacci M (2020) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | recovered; not hospitalized | 12 | 44 | negative | normal range | normal range | pathological |
| recovered; hospitalized (normal ward) | 26 | 52 | negative | normal range | pathological | pathological | ||
| critical | recovered; hospitalized (intensive care unit) | 5 | 59 | one person was positive | pathological | pathological | pathological | |
| Temiz MZ (2020) | moderate | smoker | 10 | 38 | negative | normal range | normal range | normal range |
| 10 | 37 | |||||||
| Maleki BH (2021) | mild | corticosteroid therapy, semen quality analysis during and after infection | 1 | 35 | not investigated | pathological | pathological | pathological |
| moderate | 23 | |||||||
| severe | 27 | |||||||
| critical | 33 | |||||||
| Pazir Y (2021) | mild | 50% nicotine abuse, semen quality analysis before and after infection | 24 | 35 | not investigated | no significant change | no significant change | not investigated |
| Honggang L (2020) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | – | 23 | 41 | negative | pathological | not investigated | not investigated |
| Guo TH (2021) | mild to severe | – | 41 | 26 | not investigated | normal range | normal range | normal range |
| Erbay G (2021) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | before and after COVID-19 infection | 69 | 31 | not investigated | normal range | normal range | normal range |
| Koç E (2021) | not reported | before and after COVID-19 infection | 21 | 32 | not investigated | no significant change | significant deterioration | significant deterioration |
| Best JC (2021) | not reported | – | 30 | 40 | negative | pathological | not investigated | not investigated |
| Pan F (2020) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | 50% of men had a BMI > 25; 3 men had hypertension | 34 | 37 | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Song C (2020) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | one man (age: 67) died of SARS-CoV-2 | 13 | 33 | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Li D (2020) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | 23 men recovered; 15 men with acute infection | 38 | not specified | 6 people positive | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Paoli D (2020) | moderate | dyslipidemia (treatment with simvastatin 20 mg/d for 1 year); androgenetic alopecia (topical treatment with finasteride 1 mg/d); cruciate ligament reconstruction | 1 | 31 | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Huang C (2020) | not reported | qualified sperm donors | 100 | not specified | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Ruan Y (2021) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | tested positive with RT-PCR and recovered completely | 55 | 31 | negative | normal range | normal range | not investigated |
| Burke CA (2021) | tested positive | no one hospitalized | 19 | 32 | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Kayaaslan B (2020) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | all hospitalized | 16 | 34 | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
| Ma L (2021) | could not be classified based on Guidelines | 11 already recovered | 12 | 32 | negative | normal range | normal range | normal range |
| Pavone C (2020) | tested positive | no one hospitalized | 9 | 42 | negative | not investigated | not investigated | not investigated |
Abb. 1Studienaufbau und zeitliche Impfstoffadministration (BNT162b2). Tag 0 = Beginn der Gestationsperiode, Tag 21 = Sectio oder Geburt 37 .
Abb. 2Studienablauf 37 .
Tab. 1 Auswirkung von Coronaimpfungen auf ART-Zyklen.
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| geimpft | genesen | Kontrolle | p-Wert | ante | post | p-Wert | |
| Angaben in mean ± SD, ns = nicht signifikant | |||||||
| Anzahl Patienten | 9 | 9 | 14 | 36 | 36 | ||
| Alter in Jahren | 35,3 ± 3,97 | 34,1 ± 4,7 | 32,5 ± 5,3 | ns | 37,3 ± 17,5 | ||
| AFC | 13,3 ± 4,7 | 13,6 ± 4,1 | 15,6 ± 6,7 | 0,008 | – | – | – |
| Estradiol-Peak (Pmol/l) | 8874 ± 2555 | 10 810 ± 5867 | 8379 ± 4167 | ns | 6041 ± 4052 | 7708 ± 7640 | ns |
| Progesteron-Peak (nmol/l) | 3,29 ± 2,09 | 3,31 ± 1,14 | 1,64 ± 0,67 | ns | 2,3 ± 1,8 | 2,2 ± 1,2 | ns |
| Anzahl Eizellen | 12,4 ± 8,7 | 10,89 ± 4,8 | 11,2 ± 6,7 | ns | 9,7 ± 6,7 | 10,1 ± 8 | ns |
| Anzahl reife Eizellen | 7,25 ± 2,77 | 8,37 ± 4,1 | 7,75 ± 4,7 | ns | 7,94 ± 5,7 | 8,0 ± 6,5 | ns |
| Anzahl Embryonen guter Qualität | 0,43 ± 0,5 | 0,55 ± 0,14 | 0,72 ± 0,34 | ns | 2,8 ± 2,7 | 2,8 ± 3,3 | ns |
Tab. 2 Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Studien zur SARS-CoV-2-Infektion und männlicher Fertilität.
| Autor (Jahr) | COVID-19-Status 1 | Besonderheiten | Studienpopulation (n =, Patienten/Kontrollen) | Alter (Median) | SARS-CoV-2-RNA-Nachweis im Ejakulat | Spermien: Konzentration (Mio/ml) | Spermien: Motilität, WHO A + B (%) | Spermien: Morphologie (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1
Der Schweregrad der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion wurde anhand der COVID-19-Guideline (Xu et al. 2020
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| Holtmann N (2020) | keine Infektion | – | 14 | 33 | negativ | normwertig 2 | normwertig | nicht untersucht |
| nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | genesen; 2 Patienten mit akuter Infektion | 14 | 43 | negativ | normwertig | normwertig | nicht untersucht | |
| schwer | 4 | 41 | negativ | normwertig | pathologisch 2 | nicht untersucht | ||
| Paoli D (2020) | nicht getestet; keine Symptome | Patienten mit verschiedenen malignen neoplastischen Erkrankungen | 10 | 31 | negativ | normwertig | normwertig | normwertig |
| Gacci M (2020) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | genesen; nicht hospitalisiert | 12 | 44 | negativ | normwertig | normwertig | pathologisch |
| genesen; hospitalisiert (Normalstation) | 26 | 52 | negativ | normwertig | pathologisch | pathologisch | ||
| kritisch | genesen; hospitalisiert (Intensivstation) | 5 | 59 | eine Person positiv | pathologisch | pathologisch | pathologisch | |
| Temiz MZ (2020) | moderat | Raucher | 10 | 38 | negativ | normwertig | normwertig | normwertig |
| 10 | 37 | |||||||
| Maleki BH (2021) | mild | Kortikosteroidtherapie, SG nach Infektion im Verlauf | 1 | 35 | nicht untersucht | pathologisch | pathologisch | pathologisch |
| moderat | 23 | |||||||
| schwer | 27 | |||||||
| kritisch | 33 | |||||||
| Pazir Y (2021) | mild | 50% Nikotinabusus, SG vor und nach Infektion | 24 | 35 | nicht untersucht | nicht signifikant verändert | nicht signifikant verändert | nicht untersucht |
| Honggang L (2020) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | – | 23 | 41 | negativ | pathologisch | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Guo TH (2021) | mild bis schwer | – | 41 | 26 | nicht untersucht | normwertig | normwertig | normwertig |
| Erbay G (2021) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | vor und nach COVID-19-Infektion | 69 | 31 | nicht untersucht | normwertig | normwertig | normwertig |
| Koç E (2021) | nicht angegeben | vor und nach COVID-19-Infektion | 21 | 32 | nicht untersucht | nicht signifikant verändert | signifikant verschlechtert | signifikant verschlechtert |
| Best JC (2021) | nicht angegeben | – | 30 | 40 | negativ | pathologisch | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Pan F (2020) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | 50% der Männer BMI > 25; 3 Personen hatten erhöhten Blutdruck | 34 | 37 | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Song C (2020) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | eine Person (Alter: 67) an SARS-CoV-2 verstorben | 13 | 33 | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Li D (2020) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | 23 Personen genesen; 15 Personen mit akuter Infektion | 38 | k. A. | 6 Personen positiv | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Paoli D (2020) | moderat | Dyslipidämie (Behandlung mit Simvastatin 20 mg/d seit 1 Jahr); androgenetische Alopezie (topisch behandelt mit Finasterid 1 mg/d); Rekonstruktion eines Kreuzbandes | 1 | 31 | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Huang C (2020) | nicht angegeben | qualifizierte Samenspender | 100 | k. A. | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Ruan Y (2021) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | positiv getestet durch RT-PCR und vollständig genesen | 55 | 31 | negativ | normwertig | normwertig | nicht untersucht |
| Burke CA (2021) | positiv getestet | niemand hospitalisiert | 19 | 32 | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Kayaaslan B (2020) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | alle hospitalisiert | 16 | 34 | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |
| Ma L (2021) | nicht nach Guidelines bestimmbar | 11 bereits genesen | 12 | 32 | negativ | normwertig | normwertig | normwertig |
| Pavone C (2020) | positiv getestet | niemand hospitalisiert | 9 | 42 | negativ | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht | nicht untersucht |