Effects of blending sequences and molecular structures of the compatibilizers on the morphology and properties of PLLA/ABS blends.

The effects of molecular structures of the compatibilizers and blending sequences on the morphology and properties of the immiscible poly(l-lactide)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PLLA/ABS) blend are investigated herein. The comb-like polymers (RC), which are constituted by a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) backbone and side chains and a few epoxy groups distributed randomly along the backbone, are found to be better compatibilizers for improving the morphology and mechanical properties of the PLLA/ABS blend, compared to linear polymers (RL) constituted by a PMMA backbone and epoxy groups along the backbone. In addition, the blending sequence, which dictates the extent of grafting reaction between carboxyl end groups of PLLA and epoxy groups in the RL and RC compatibilizers, is found to influence the diffusion and location of the in situ formed RL-g-PLLA and RC-g-PLLA polymers in the blend system. By blending RL or RC polymers with ABS phase firstly, the epoxy groups are diluted by ABS phase; thus, during the second step, blending with PLLA phase, lightly grafted polymers are formed. This method is found to be the best sequence to compatibilize the PLLA/ABS system. When the PLLA phase is mixed with the compatibilizers firstly, the highly grafted polymers are prone to be trapped in the PLLA phase, because the PMMA segments are shielded by the densely grafted PLLA segments from interacting efficiently with the ABS phase, and thus the morphology and mechanical properties of the blend deteriorate accordingly. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Introduction

It is well known that poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) is an inherently brittle polymer, which inevitably limits its applications in some areas, such as packaging, textile and composite materials.[1,2] To improve the mechanical properties and reduce the price of PLLA, blending with other petroleum or bio-based polymers is an efficient method and has attracted a lot of attention during the past few years.[3-7]

Considering both economical and technical aspects, blending PLLA with a moderate amount of petroleum-based polymers is more feasible for commercial applications such as packaging; a tiny amount of compatibilizers, whether premade or in situ formed, is often designed and applied in these systems because of the thermodynamic immiscibility of PLLA/petroleum-based polymer pairs. Hillmyer's group designed, synthesized and reported a series of block copolymers poly(l-lactide)-b-polyethylene (PLLA-b-PE) with distinct molecular structures to compatibilize the PLLA/PE system, finding that the mechanical properties of the obtained PLLA composites correlate with the modulus of the dispersed PE phase and the interfacial adhesion, which is dictated by the molecular structures of the PLLA-b-PE block copolymers.[8,9] They also applied a commercial ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate-methyl acrylate terpolymer (PEGMMA) to compatibilize the poly(l-lactide)/polypropylene (PLLA/PP) or poly(l-lactide)/polypropylene-based elastomer (PLLA/PBE) system; they found that PEGMMA reduced the size of the dispersed PBE phase more effectively and yielded more ductile PLLA composite materials, compared to the system with PP as the dispersed phase.[10] Blending PLLA with a moderate amount of petroleum-based elastomers was also considered by some researchers. Both Oyama[11] and Deng et al.[12] successfully prepared super-tough PLLA blends by blending PLLA with reactive ethylene-acrylic ester-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EGMA), and they found that the mechanical properties and thermal stabilities could be further enhanced by improving the crystallization of the PLLA matrix. Zeng et al. developed a series of novel super-tough poly(l-lactide)/polyurethane (PLLA/PU) blends by adjusting the crosslinking density of in situ formed PU and controlling the feed ratios of the component monomers.[13] They further applied the biomass-derived castor oil to react with the isocyanate monomer to form the PU phase, which proved to be a facile and cost-effective method compared to the previous reports on toughening PLLA using castor oil derivatives.[14] Bai et al. reported a novel PLLA/elastomer blend with both super toughness and high heat resistance by blending ethylene-acrylic ester-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) with a moderate amount of poly(d-lactide) (PDLA) firstly, then with PLLA. The grafted PDLA side chains collaborated with the PLLA phase to form the stereocomplex (sc) crystallites at the interfacial region, which improved the strength of interfacial adhesion and enhanced the crystallinity of PLLA matrix simultaneously.[15] They further applied a similar strategy to introduce a small amount of PDLA into the poly(l-lactide)/thermoplastic polyurethane (PLLA/TPU) system and successfully fabricated a super-toughened and heat-resistant PLLA/TPU blend.[16]

Improving the compatibilization efficiency is always a key point in reactive compatibilization. Some factors, such as molecular weight and structures of the compatibilizers,[17-23] as well as the amount, type and distribution of the reactive groups in the compatibilizers,[24-29] have been thoroughly investigated by some researchers. Blending sequence, which significantly influences the kinetics of interfacial reactions in reactive compatibilization, was also applied to improve the compatibilization efficiency and manipulate the morphology of the obtained blend.[30-43] Hale et al. found that the low-temperature and room-temperature mechanical properties of the poly(butylene terephthalate)/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PBT/ABS) blends compatibilized by methyl methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate terpolymers (MGE) correlated tightly with the blending sequence.[30] Lee et al. indicated that the morphologies of the blends were determined not only by some general factors such as viscosity ratios of the components and interfacial tension between two polymers, but also by melting sequences of the components and reaction rates of the functional groups; considering these interrelated factors, an appropriate blending sequence was required to optimize the compatibilization of the immiscible blends.[31] Herein, ABS, which has been successfully reported to toughen some petroleum-based polyester systems such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PBT[44,45] was applied to blend the bio-based PLLA system. The obtained PLLA/ABS blends could, on one hand, reduce the use of petroleum-based polymers and, on the other hand, have potential applications in commodity packaging, disposable tableware and automotive industries. Two kinds of PMMA-type RL and RC polymers were applied as compatibilizers in this system. RL and RC were synthesized by copolymerizing methyl methacrylate (MMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) without or with the MMA macromer, respectively. Some factors, including blending sequence and molecular structures of the compatibilizers, were investigated in detail for their effects on the morphology and the mechanical properties of the obtained blends.

Experimental section

Materials

PLLA used in this work was from Nature works (USA), with Mn of 90 000 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn of 1.8. ABS in this work was from LG Chemical (Korea), with Mn of 42 000 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn of 1.79. The lab-made compatibilizers (RC and RL polymers) were synthesized as follows.[46] Methyl methacrylate (MMA) macromer (Mn = 4800 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn = 2.0), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and MMA were copolymerized at a weight ratio of 1/2/7; thus the obtained polymers (Mn = 40 000 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn = 1.8) had a comb-like structures, which were constituted by PMMA backbone and side chains, with some epoxy groups distributing randomly along the backbone. By directly copolymerizing GMA with MMA at a weight ratio of 2/8, RL polymers (Mn = 32 000 g mol−1 and Mw/Mn = 1.8) exhibiting a linear structure were obtained.

Sample preparation

As shown in Table 1, PLLA, ABS and the compatibilizers (RL and RC polymers) were mixed by three methods with different blending sequences. The blending temperature and rotation speed were set to 190 °C and 50 rpm, respectively. The weight ratio of ABS/PLLA was fixed at 50/50 for all the blends, and the amount of RL or RC polymers was fixed at 3 wt%, based on the total weight of PLLA and ABS. For Method 1, all components, PLLA and ABS, with or without RL or RC, were simultaneously added and mixed in the HAAKE mixer for 10 min. The final obtained blends were designated PLLA/ABS (50/50), PLLA/ABS/RL (50/50/3) and PLLA/ABS/RC (50/50/3), respectively. For Method 2, ABS was premixed with RL or RC for 5 min. The obtained blends (ABS/RL) or (ABS/RC) were then mixed with PLLA for 10 min. The final obtained blends were designated (ABS/RL)/PLLA [(50/3)/50] and (ABS/RC)/PLLA [(50/3)/50], respectively. For Method 3, PLLA was firstly mixed with RC for 5 min, and the obtained blend (PLLA/RC) was then mixed with ABS for 10 min. The final obtained blend was designated as (PLLA/RC)/ABS [(50/3)/50]. The torque values of the blends and the components during processing were monitored and recorded by the HAAKE PolySoft software. The obtained blending samples were then pressed by a Qien compression molder into sheets with a thickness of 0.5 mm under 10 MPa for 6 min at a pressing temperature of 190 °C, then the sheets were cooled to room temperature by circulating water.

Blending sequences and the effect on perimeter/area

	Samples	Blending sequence		Perimeter/area (μm−1)
		First mix	Second mix
Method 1	PLLA/ABS (50/50)	PLLA + ABS melt-mixed for 10 min	No	0.26
	PLLA/ABS/RL (50/50/3)	RL, PLLA and ABS melt-mixed together for 10 min	No	2.67
	PLLA/ABS/RC (50/50/3)	RC, PLLA and ABS melt-mixed together for 10 min	No	5.42
Method 2	(ABS/RL)/PLLA [(50/3)/50]	RL + ABS melt-mixed for 5 min, then removed solidified sample	Premixed solid “first mix” sample with solid ABS, then melt-mixed for 10 min	5.15
	(ABS/RC)/PLLA [(50/3)/50]	RC + ABS melt-mixed for 5 min, then removed solidified sample	Premixed solid “first mix” sample with solid ABS, then melt-mixed for 10 min	8.24
Method 3	(PLLA/RC)/ABS [(50/3)/50]	RC + PLLA melt-mixed for 5 min, then removed solidified sample	Premixed solid “first mix” sample with solid ABS, then melt-mixed for 10 min	2.57

Characterization

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Ultrathin sections (∼70 nm thick) for TEM analysis were microtomed from the initial pressed sheets using a Leica EM UC7 ultramicrotome with a diamond knife at room temperature. The ultrathin sections were then collected on copper meshes (200#) and stained with RuO4 for about 1 hour. A Hitachi HT-7700 TEM was used to characterize the morphologies of the PLLA/ABS blends at a voltage of 100 kV. The calculations of interface perimeter per unit area (perimeter/area) on the TEM images were carried out using the NIH image software.[47]

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

The thermal behaviors of the neat components and the PLLA/ABS blends were investigated by DSC (Q2000, TA instruments). Samples (about 10 mg) were heated from −50 to 220 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 under nitrogen, kept at 220 °C for 5 min to erase the thermal history, then cooled to −50 °C at a rate of 10 °C min−1 and finally heated to 220 °C at 10 °C min−1. Tg (glass transition temperature) and Tm (melting temperature) were determined from the second heating, while ΔHm (heat of fusion) was from the first heating.

Tensile test

An Instron universal material testing system (model 5966) was employed to measure the mechanical properties of the PLLA/ABS blends at 23 °C and a crosshead speed of 10 mm min−1. Dumbbell-shaped samples with gauge lengths of 18 mm, widths of 3 mm, and thicknesses of 0.5 mm were punched out from the initial pressed sheets.

Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS)

The rheological behaviors of the neat components and the blends were characterized by a Physica rheometer (MCR301, Anton Paar Instrument) at 200 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. A parallel plate configuration was used, with a plate diameter of 25 mm and a gap size of 0.5 mm. Frequency sweep was carried out from 500 to 0.01 rad s−1 at a strain of 0.05 in the linear viscoelastic region.

Results and discussion

Rheological measurements

Torque rheometry was firstly applied to investigate the melt properties of neat components and the uncompatibilized and compatibilized PLLA/ABS blends produced by different blending sequences. As shown in Fig. 1, ABS is much more viscous than PLLA, and the torque curve of the uncompatibilized PLLA/ABS blend lies in between those of the neat components and closer to that of PLLA. Generally speaking, the epoxy groups in the RL and RC polymers are able to react with the carboxyl end groups of PLLA to form grafted polymers, RL-g-PLLA and RC-g-PLLA, respectively. In addition, crosslinking reaction can potentially occur among the epoxy groups. All of these factors will contribute a positive increment of torque curves during reactive blending. It can be observed that for Method 1, the torque curve of the PLLA/ABS blend compatibilized with the RC polymer (i.e. PLLA/ABS/RC) exhibits a slightly higher level of torque value than the blend with RL polymer (i.e. PLLA/ABS/RL). For Method 2, the torque value of the premixed blend ABS/RL is a little higher than that of neat ABS after blending for 5 min, which indicates the occurrence of crosslinking reaction of the epoxy groups in the compatibilizers. With further blending with PLLA, the torque value becomes higher than that for Method 1, i.e., PLLA/ABS/RL. For Method 3, the torque value of the premixed blend PLLA/RC increases gradually with time, which confirms the reaction between the epoxy groups of the compatibilizers and the carboxyl-terminated groups of PLLA, and thus the formation of the grafted polymer RC-g-PLLA. Furthermore, when the premixed PLLA/RC is blended with ABS, the torque curve of the obtained (PLLA/RC)/ABS blend levels off after melting. Considering both the molecular structures and blending sequences, it should be noted that the torque level after 10 min of mixing is PLLA/ABS/RL < (PLLA/RC)/ABS < PLLA/ABS/RC < (ABS/RL)/PLLA. It is well known that the morphology of the blend is correlated tightly with the viscosity of the components. Therefore, SAOS rheology was further performed to investigate the viscosity of the premixed blends produced by different blending sequences. As shown in Fig. 2, neat PLLA displays a Newtonian behavior over almost the entire frequency range, and the viscosity of the premixed blend PLLA/RC is significantly higher than that of neat PLLA, on account of the formation of the more viscous grafted polymer RC-g-PLLA. It is interesting to note that at low frequency, the viscosity of the ABS/RC blend is higher than that of the neat ABS, while at higher frequency, the viscosity is a little lower than that of neat ABS, which reveals the existence of the crosslinking reaction in Method 2, which blends ABS and the compatibilizers firstly.

Fig. 1

Torque–time curves of the blends and blend components. An expanded view from 6 to 10 min is included on the right image.

Fig. 2

Complex viscosity versus frequency for binary blends and blend components.

Phase morphology investigations

The uncompatibilized PLLA/ABS (50/50) blend exhibits a coarse morphology, in which the PLLA phase displays white and the SAN phase and the rubber phase of ABS appear grey and black, respectively, mainly due to the different speeds of staining. As mentioned above, the ABS phase is much more viscous than the PLLA phase; thus, the dispersive force of the PLLA phase is too low to obtain a fine morphology. For Method 1, when all the components are mixed together, as shown in Fig. 3(B and C), both the obtained blends compatibilized by RL and RC exhibit a co-continuous morphology, and the blend compatibilized by RC exhibits a much finer morphology than that by RL. As shown in Table 1, the value of perimeter/area increases from 0.26 μm−1 in the uncompatibilized PLLA/ABS (50/50) blend to 2.67 μm−1 in the PLLA/ABS/RL (50/50/3) blend and, finally, to 5.42 μm−1 in the PLLA/ABS/RC (50/50/3) blend. For Method 2, as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 3(D and E), compared to Method 1, the obtained blends exhibit much finer co-continuous morphologies; the value of perimeter/area increases from 2.67 to 5.15 μm−1 for the PLLA/ABS blend compatibilized by RL and from 5.42 to 8.24 μm−1 for the blend compatibilized by RC, respectively. For Method 3, as shown in Fig. 3(F), the blend exhibits a coarse morphology, and the value of perimeter/area decreases to 2.57 μm−1. The morphological variation with the molecular structures and the blending sequences can be ascribed to the different interfacial behaviors of the compatibilizers and the different viscosity ratios of the components.

Fig. 3

TEM images of (A) uncompatibilized PLLA/ABS blend and (B–F) compatibilized blends by different blending sequences: (B) PLLA/ABS/RL, (C) PLLA/ABS/RC, (D) (ABS/RL)/PLLA, (E) (ABS/RC)/PLLA, and (F) (PLLA/RC)/ABS. The scale bar is 5 μm.

The average shear rate of the internal mixer can be roughly estimated to be the rotation speed, which is 50 s−1.[48] At 50 s−1, the viscosity ratios of η*(ABS/RC)/η*(PLLA) and η*(ABS)/η*(PLLA/RC) are 5.3 and 2.5, respectively. This means that premixing PLLA with the compatibilizer RC significantly increases the viscosity of the PLLA/RC phase; thus, the viscosity ratio of η*(ABS)/η*(PLLA/RC) is much closer to unity, compared to Method 2 (premixing ABS with compatibilizer RC, then with PLLA). It can be anticipated that the blend with viscosity ratio much closer to unity will have a much finer morphology.[49] However, it is obvious that Method 2 is more beneficial for the formation of much finer morphology. This indicates that the compatibilizing effect of in situ formed RC-g-PLLA plays a more important role in the morphology of the PLLA/ABS blend than the factor of viscosity ratio.

The PMMA-type compatibilizers are thermodynamically miscible with the SAN phase of ABS, as reported by some researchers, and the epoxy groups in RL or RC compatibilizers were able to react with the carboxyl end groups of PLLA. Undoubtedly, the different blending sequences will inevitably result in different extents of reaction between epoxy and carboxyl groups. When the compatibilizers are directly mixed with PLLA and ABS phase by Method 1, there actually exists an almost equal competition between the compatibilizers entering the ABS phase and reacting with the PLLA phase. For Method 2, by mixing ABS with compatibilizer RL or RC firstly, the concentration of the epoxy groups is diluted by the ABS phase, and thus only the epoxy groups, which are close enough to the interface, have an opportunity to react with PLLA, and lightly grafted RL-g-PLLA or RC-g-PLLA polymers are consequently formed, as shown in Scheme 1. In Method 3, premixing RC with PLLA phase, the epoxy groups have sufficient opportunities to react with PLLA, and thus highly grafted RC-g-PLLA polymers are formed. The extent of reaction between GMA groups of compatibilizers and PLLA can be deduced to be Method 3 > Method 1 > Method 2. Although Method 1 is more convenient compared to the other methods, as shown in Fig. 3, Method 2 can fabricate compatibilized blends with much finer morphologies than Method 1 and 3. This is because in Method 2, the lightly grafted compatibilizers have longer PMMA segments between the two grafted sites, which are able to entangle with the ABS phase more tightly, compared to the other methods. In Method 3 (premixing PLLA and compatibilizers), micelles with sizes from 30–100 nm are observed in the PLLA phase, as shown in Fig. 4, which derive from the assembly of highly grafted compatibilizers. The inner part of the micelles is speculated to be PMMA phase and the shell PLLA phase, because the repulsions among the crowded grafted PLLA chains force the PMMA backbone to bend inward, which tends to form a core–shell structure, as shown in Scheme 1.[51] Thus, the PMMA segments of the highly grafted compatibilizers are shielded off by the PLLA segments. They have less opportunity to diffuse to the interface to interact with the ABS phase and are more possibly forced to stay in the PLLA phase. The trend of perimeter/area with blending sequences seen in Table 1, which increases according to the order Method 3 < Method 1 < Method 2, can be understandable by now. The most stable grafted polymers at the interface in Method 2 hold the ABS and PLLA phases most tightly, with the inherent PMMA segments penetrating deeply into the SAN phase of ABS and the grafted PLLA segments entangling tightly with the PLLA phase. Greater interfacial interactions also result in greater interfacial frictions under shear field, so the trend of torque values with blending sequences, as mentioned above, is consistent with the trend of perimeter/area.

Scheme 1

Interfacial behaviors and distributions of the RC-g-PLLA polymers in PLLA/ABS system, dictated by blending sequences.

Fig. 4

TEM image of the PLLA/RC (50/3) blend.

It is well known that branched polymers are more prone to segregate to the interface, from the viewpoint of enthalpy, compared to their linear counterparts, because the more concentrated chain ends contribute positively to the enthalpy of the system.[50,51] On account of this reason, it can be deduced that RC polymers are more prone to diffuse to the interface compared to RL polymers, especially when produced by Method 2, premixing compatibilizers with ABS phase. In addition, the existence of side chains in RC compatibilizers can provide additional entanglements with the SAN phase of ABS, thus improving the stability of the compatibilizers at the interface compared to the linear compatibilizers without side chains. More concentrated compatibilizers are beneficial for the formation of much finer morphology, which improves the interfacial adhesion and transfers the stress across the interface more efficiently. Therefore, the perimeter/area values of the PLLA/ABS blends compatibilized by RC polymers are higher than those stabilized by RL polymers, and this trend is in accordance with the results of torque values.

Tensile properties

The stress–strain curves and the corresponding mechanical properties of the PLLA/ABS blends created by different blending sequences are shown in Fig. 5 and summarized in Table 2, respectively. Firstly, comparing those in the same blending method, the PLLA/ABS blends compatibilized with RC polymers have better mechanical properties than those with RL polymers; e.g., the fracture strain of PLLA/ABS/RC is about 2 times higher than that of PLLA/ABS/RL. Secondly, Method 2 (premixing the compatibilizers with the ABS phase) is superior to Method 1 (mixing PLLA, ABS and the compatibilizers simultaneously) in enhancing the mechanical properties of the PLLA/ABS blends; e.g., the fracture strain of (ABS/RC)/PLLA is about 1.3 times higher than that of PLLA/ABS/RC. Thirdly, Method 3 (premixing the PLLA phase with the compatibilizers) deteriorates the mechanical properties of the PLLA/ABS blend, compared to Method 1 and 2. It should be noted that the PLLA/ABS blends compatibilized with RC polymers possess a slightly higher Young's modulus than those with RL polymers. The results of tensile experiments are consistent with the morphology relationship; i.e., the PLLA/ABS blends compatibilized by RC polymers display much finer morphology, regardless of blending sequences. In addition, Method 2 (premixing compatibilizers with ABS) results in much finer morphologies than the other methods.

Fig. 5

Representative stress–strain curves of (a) PLLA/ABS, (b) PLLA/ABS/RL, (c) PLLA/ABS/RC, (d) (ABS/RL)/PLLA, (e) (ABS/RC)/PLLA, and (f) (PLLA/RC)/ABS.

Mechanical properties of PLLA, ABS, and uncompatibilized and compatibilized PLLA/ABS blends with different blending sequences

Sample	Young's modulus (GPa)	Yield stress (MPa)	Fracture stress (MPa)	Fracture strain (mm mm−1)
PLLA	1.89	67	57	0.07
ABS	1.25	48	35	0.17
PLLA/ABS (50/50)	1.52		50	0.03
PLLA/ABS/RL (50/50/3)	1.48	57	39	0.72
PLLA/ABS/RC (50/50/3)	1.74	64	40	1.40
(ABS/RL)/PLLA [(50/3)/50]	1.41	58	39	1.05
(ABS/RC)/PLLA [(50/3)/50]	1.51	57	43	2.00
(PLLA/RC)/ABS [(50/3)/50]	1.75	59	39	0.65

Thermal behavior

The thermal properties of the blend components and the blends were characterized by DSC. The second heating curves and the corresponding results are shown in Fig. 6 and summarized in Table 3, respectively. It can be found that the curves of neat PLLA and PLLA/ABS blends exhibit three apparent transitions upon heating, i.e., the glass transition temperature (Tg), cold crystallization temperature (Tcc), and melting temperature (Tm). The Tg of SAN phase in ABS is almost superimposed with the Tcc of PLLA in the blends, which cannot be observed in the PLLA/ABS blends. It is obvious that the Tg (PLLA) of the compatibilized PLLA/ABS blends increases a little at higher temperature compared to that of neat PLLA; this can be ascribed to the formation of the compatibilizers at the interface improving the miscibility of PLLA and ABS. Secondly, the Tg (PLLA) of the compatibilized PLLA/ABS blends remains almost constant, regardless of the blending sequences. The evolution of Tm (PLLA) with blending sequences is different from that of Tg (PLLA). It can be observed that Method 3 (premixing PLLA with the compatibilizers) depresses the Tm (PLLA) by ∼13 °C compared to neat PLLA. In addition, the Tm (PLLA) in the compatibilized PLLA/ABS blends by Method 2 has the smallest decrement, compared to the other methods. This means that the blending sequence affects the crystallization of PLLA. As mentioned above, the grafting extent of PLLA with compatibilizers is in the sequence Method 3 > Method 1 > Method 2. Thus, the highly grafted polymers formed by Method 3 extensively disrupt the integrity of the molecular chains of PLLA, which results in the greatest decrease of Tm (PLLA).[52,53]

Fig. 6

DSC second heating curves of (a) PLLA, (b) ABS, (c) PLLA/ABS, (d) PLLA/ABS/RL, (e) PLLA/ABS/RC, (f) (PLLA/RC)/ABS and (g) (ABS/RC)/PLLA.

Thermal properties of neat PLLA and uncompatibilized and compatibilized PLLA/ABS blends

Samples	T g (PLLA) (°C)	T m (PLLA) (°C)	ΔHm (J g−1)
PLLA	61.3	168.2	35.2
ABS	100.4
PLLA/ABS (50/50)	59.7	166.7	19.5
PLLA/ABS/RL (50/50/3)	62.1	162.0	13.4
PLLA/ABS/RC (50/50/3)	62.3	162.2	13.7
(ABS/RL)/PLLA [(50/3)/50]	61.8	163.2	13.8
(ABS/RC)/PLLA [(50/3)/50]	62.0	163.6	13.9
(PLLA/RC)/ABS [(50/3)/50]	61.6	155.4	10.9

Conclusion

PMMA-type RL and RC polymers are applied as compatibilizers in the PLLA/ABS system using different blending sequences. It was found that the compatibilization efficiency depends not only on the molecular structures of the compatibilizers, but also on the blending sequences. RC polymers with a branched structure are more prone to diffuse to the interface of PLLA/ABS, compared to RL polymers with a linear structure. In addition, the side chains can provide additional entanglements with the SAN phase in ABS, and thus RC polymers are more stable at the interface than RL polymers. Furthermore, by blending ABS with RC polymers firstly, then with PLLA, the obtained RC-g-PLLA polymers are lightly grafted molecules. The lightly grafted molecules have longer PMMA segments between two grafted sites; thus, they are able to penetrate more deeply into the ABS phase and entangle with the ABS phase more tightly. Therefore, by blending ABS with RC polymers firstly, then with PLLA, the obtained compatibilized PLLA/ABS blend displays the finest morphology and best mechanical properties in this investigation.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no competing financial interest.