| Literature DB >> 35508055 |
Débora L M Junqueira1,2, Alline Stach2, Adriano Caixeta1, Juliana Sallum1, Erika Yasaki1, Jeane Tsutsui3,4, Edgar Rizatti3, Carlos E Rochitte2,4, Jean-Paul Kovalik5, José E Krieger4, A Mark Richards6, Mark Y Chan6, Leonardo P de Carvalho1,2,3.
Abstract
Ceramide production takes place throughout the body and plays a key role in the maintenance of normal physiology. However, ceramide levels are altered during disease states, particularly considering the development of diabetes and dyslipidemia. Ceramide production is also associated with atherosclerotic plaque instability. Recent studies revealed that patients with unstable coronary artery disease (CAD) presented increased plasma ceramide levels (especially C16, C18, and C24:1). These molecules are currently considered emerging biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), being used for predicting atherosclerotic plaque instability and adverse cardiovascular events independently from traditional risk factors. With the aim of describing and discussing the role of ceramides in the stratification of cardiovascular diseases, this narrative review contextualizes the importance of this biomarker in the present cardiology scenario.Entities:
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35508055 PMCID: PMC9007014 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201165
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Arq Bras Cardiol ISSN: 0066-782X Impact factor: 2.000
Figura 1– Vias do metabolismo de esfingolipídios.
Figura 2– Ceramidas plasmáticas e ruptura de placa. ECAM = eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores. Fonte: coleção do autor.
Figura 3– Ação das ceramidas em diferentes órgãos.
– Escore de risco relativo envolvendo ceramidas em diferentes coortes
| Escore | Categoria | BECAC (Risco 5 anos)5 | SPUM-ACS (Risco 1 ano)5 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Morte (n) | % | Risco Relativo | Morte (n) | % | Risco Relativo | ||
| 0-2 | Baixo | 15/549 | 2,7% | 1,0 | 9/575 | 1,6% | 1,0 |
| 3-6 | Moderado | 29/601 | 4,8% | 1,8 | 16/611 | 2,6% | 1,7 |
| 7-9 | Alto | 20/288 | 6,9% | 2,5 | 9/270 | 3,3% | 2,1 |
| 10-12 | Muito alto | 17/149 | 11,4% | 4,2 | 17/181 | 9,4% | 6,0 |
Fonte: adaptado da Mayo Clinic.
– Principais estudos que avaliaram a associação entre as ceramidas e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares agudos (publicação ordenada por ano)
| Autor/referência | Característica do estudo | Desfecho primário | Ajuste | Resultado principal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laaksonen et al.5 European Heart Journal 2016;37, 1967-1976 | Estudo de coorte prospectivo com N = 1580 adultos (62 anos; 59% homem; IMC 25 kg/m2; LDL 2,8 mmol/L, triglicerídeos 1,4 mmol/L; 62,6% utilizando estatina) submetidos a angiografia coronária eletiva devido a DAC estável e recrutados no Hospital da Universidade de Haukeland, em Bergen (estudo BECAC). Seguimento de 4,6 anos em associação a 1.637 pacientes (63 anos; 78% sexo masculino, IMC 26 kg/m2, LDL 2,6 mmol/L, triglicerídeos 1 mmol/L, 27,2% em uso de estatina) com diagnóstico de SCA submetidos a tratamento invasivo em quatro hospitais universitários suíços (estudo SPUM-ACS), com seguimento de 1 ano. | Morte cardiovascular | Colesterol total, triglicerídeos, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, idade, sexo, tabagismo, infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio, diabetes, hipertensão e acidente vascular cerebral prévio. | Cer (d18: 1/16: 0) e Cer (d18: 1/24: 1) foram associadas a um risco aumentado de morte cardiovascular em todas as coortes. OR Cer (d18:1/16:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) foi de 4,49 (IC95%, 2,24-8,98), 1,64 (1,29-2,08) e 1,77 (1,41-2,23) para Corogene, SPUM-ACS e estudo BECAC, respectivamente. |
| Havulinna et al.7 Arteriosclerer Thromb Vasc Biol 2016;36: 2424-2430 | Estudo de coorte populacional com N = 8.101 pacientes saudáveis (idade 48 anos; 47% homens, IMC 26 kg/m2, colesterol LDL 3,3 mmol/L, triglicerídeos 1,3 mmol/L) do FINRISK 2002. | MACCE | Colesterol total, colesterol HDL, pressão arterial, diabetes melito e tabagismo. | Cer (d18: 1/16: 0), Cer (d18: 1/18: 0) e Cer (d18: 1/24: 1) foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com evolução cardiovascular adversa quando comparados a indivíduos assintomáticos. As concentrações séricas das ceramidas de alto risco que previam morte cardiovascular em pacientes com DAC também foram maiores nos casos do FINRISK MACE em comparação a indivíduos assintomáticos da seguinte forma: Cer (d18: 1/16: 0), Cer (d18: 1/18: 0) e Cer (d18: 1/24: 1) 11,4%, 21,3% e 17,0% (p < 0,001 para todos). |
| Wang et al.4 Circulation 2017; 135: 2028-2040 | Estudo de coorte aninhado no estudo randomizado Mediterranean Diet Prevention, com N = 980 participantes (68 anos; 45% homens, IMC 30 kg/m2, colesterol LDL 3,4 mmol/L, triglicerídeos 1,6 mmol/L), incluindo 230 casos de DCV e 787 participantes selecionados aleatoriamente. A subcoorte incluiu 37 casos sobrepostos de DCV. Foram excluídos dois participantes com concentrações indetectáveis de ceramida no plasma. Acompanhamento: 4,5 anos. | MACE | Idade, sexo, IMC, histórico familiar de doença arterial coronariana precoce, tabagismo, história de hipertensão, dislipidemia e diabetes tipo II. | Entre as ceramidas de alto risco identificadas, os últimos quartis dos níveis plasmáticos de Cer (d18: 1/16: 0), Cer (d18: 1/22: 0), Cer (d18: 1/24: 0) e Cer (d18: 1/24: 1) foram associados a um desfecho cardiovascular adverso. A RR multivariável comparando os quartis extremos das concentrações plasmáticas de C:16, C22:0, C24:0 e C24:1 foi de 2,39 (1,49-3,83, p < 0,001), 1,91 (1,21-3,01, p = 0,003), 1,97 (1,21-3,01, p = 0,004), e 1,73 (1,09-2,74, p = 0,011), respectivamente. |
| De Carvalho et al.13 JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018;3:163-175 | Estudo prospectivo e longitudinal com N = 327 pacientes de coorte primária (57 anos; 90% sexo masculino; IMC 26 kg/m2; colesterol LDL 3,1 mmol/L; triglicerídeos 1,2 mmol/L) e 119 pacientes na coorte de validação (66 anos; 72% sexo masculino; IMC 29 kg/m2; colesterol LDL 3,2 mmol/L) com SCA submetidos a estratificação invasiva com mensurações plasmáticas realizadas em dois momentos (antes e após a estratificação invasiva) com seguimento de 1 ano. | MACCE | GRACE | Entre as ceramidas de alto risco previamente identificadas, os níveis plasmáticos de Cer (d18: 1/16: 0), Cer (d18: 1/18: 0) e Cer (d18: 1/24: 1) foram associados a eventos cardiovasculares adversos. |
| Meeusen et al.32 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018; 38: 1933-1939 | Estudo transversal: 495 participantes (60 anos; 62% sexo masculino; IMC 28 kg/m2; colesterol LDL 3,1 mmol/L; triglicerídeos 1,7 mmol/L; uso de estatina 28,5%) antes da angiografia coronária não urgente. Acompanhamento: 4 anos. | MACE (infarto do miocárdio, intervenção percutânea, cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica, acidente vascular cerebral ou morte) | Idade, sexo, IMC, hipertensão, tabagismo, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL, triglicerídeos, glicemia, histórico familiar de doença arterial coronariana | Entre as ceramidas de alto risco identificadas anteriormente, os níveis plasmáticos de Cer (d18: 1/16: 0), Cer (d18: 1/18: 0) e Cer (d18: 1/24: 1) foram associados a eventos cardiovasculares adversos. As RRs ajustadas para o desvio padrão (IC95%) foram 1,50 (1,16-1,93) para Cer (16: 0), 1,42 (1,11-1,83) para Cer (18: 0) e 1,43 (1,08-1,89) para Cer (24: 1) |
| Peterson et al.28 J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7: e007931 | Estudo baseado na comunidade: 2.642 participantes do Framingham Heart Study (66 anos; 46% homens; IMC 28 kg/m2, colesterol LDL 2,7 mmol/L, triglicerídeos 1,3 mmol/L, 42,7% estatina) e 3.134 participantes do Estudo de Saúde na Pomerânia (idade 54 anos; 48% homens; IMC 28 kg/m2; colesterol LDL 5,5 mmol/L; triglicerídeos 1,8 mmol/L; 14,5% em uso de estatina) foram seguidos por 6 e 8 anos, respectivamente. | MACE (i.e., eventos cardiovasculares fatais e não fatais). | Idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal, hipertensão, diabetes melito, tabagismo, anti-hipertensivos, proporção de colesterol total/HDL, triglicerídeos e medicamentos hipolipemiantes. | Entre as ceramidas de alto risco identificadas previamente, apenas as Cer (d18: 1/24: 0) foram associadas a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. Na metanálise das duas coortes e após o ajuste dos fatores de risco para DAC, as proporções de ceramida C24: 0/C16: 0 foram inversamente associadas a DAC (RR por incremento médio do DP: 0,79; IC95%, 0,71-0,89; P < 0,0001) e inversamente associado a IC (RR: 0,78; IC95%, 0,61-1,00; P = 0,046). |
| Hilvo et al.33 European Heart Journal 2019, in press | Estudo longitudinal: três grandes estudos de coorte com 3.789 pacientes (62 anos; 72% sexo masculino; colesterol LDL 2,9 mmol/L; triglicerídeos 1,5 mmol/L; 72,6% uso de estatina) da WECAC; 5.991 pacientes (65 anos; 83% homens; colesterol LDL 3,9 mmol/L; triglicerídeos 1,6 mmol/L; 49,9% em uso de estatina) do estudo LIPID; e 1.023 pacientes (idade 62 anos; homens 84%; colesterol LDL 3 mmol/L; triglicerídeos 1,6 mmol/L; uso de estatina 75,6%) do KAROLA. Acompanhamento: 6 anos. | MACE (por exemplo, desfecho composto de morte por CV, IM e acidente vascular cerebral) | Idade, sexo, tratamento com estatinas (WECAC, KAROLA), diabetes melito, hipertensão, tabagismo atual, IM prévio, acidente vascular cerebral prévio, estratificado por intervenção com vitamina B (WECAC) e grupo de tratamento (LIPID). | Um escore de risco simples, com base nas ceramidas e fosfatidilcolinas que apresentam as melhores características prognósticas, foi desenvolvido no estudo WECAC e validado nas outras duas coortes. Essa pontuação foi altamente significativa na previsão da mortalidade por DCV [As RRs multiajustadas (IC95%) pelo DP foram 1,44 (1,28-1,63) no WECAC, 1,47 (1,34-1,61) no estudo LIPID e 1,69 (1,31- 2,17) no KAROLA. Além disso, uma combinação do escore de risco com a troponina T de alta sensibilidade aumentou as RRs para 1,63 (1,44-1,85) e 2,04 (1,57-2,64) nas coortes WECAC e KAROLA, respectivamente. |
BECAC: Bergen Coronary Angiography Cohort; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; FINRISK: population-based risk factor survey ; IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; KAROLA: Langzeiterfolge der KARdiOLogischen Anschlussheilbehandlung; LIPID: Intervenção a Longo Prazo com Pravastatina em Doença Isquêmica; MACCE: eventos adversos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares maiores; MACE: eventos adversos cardíacos maiores; RR: razão de risco; SPUM-ACS: Special Program University Medicine-Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndromes ; WECAC: The Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort.
Figure 1– Sphingolipid metabolic pathways.
Figure 2– Plasma ceramides and plaque rupture. Source: author’s collection.
Figure 3– Effect of ceramides on different organs.
– Relative risk scores involving ceramides in different cohorts
| Score | Category | BECAC (5-year risk)5 | SPUM-ACS (1-year risk)5 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Deaths (n) | % | Relative Risk | Morte (n) | % | Relative Risk | ||
| 0-2 | Low | 15/549 | 2.7% | 1.0 | 9/575 | 1.6% | 1.0 |
| 3-6 | Moderate | 29/601 | 4.8% | 1.8 | 16/611 | 2.6% | 1.7 |
| 7-9 | Increased | 20/288 | 6.9% | 2.5 | 9/270 | 3.3% | 2.1 |
| 10-12 | Higher | 17/149 | 11.4% | 4.2 | 17/181 | 9.4% | 6.0 |
Source: adapted from Mayo Clinic.
– Main studies evaluating the association between ceramides and risk of acute cardiovascular events (by year of publication)
| Author/reference | Study characteristics | Primary outcome | Adjustment | Main result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laaksonen et al.5 European Heart Journal 2016;37, 1967-1976 | Prospective cohort study with N = 1580 adults (62 years old; 59% male; BMI 25 kg/m2; LDL-cholesterol 2.8 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.4mmol/l; statin use 62.6%) who underwent elective coronary angiography due to stable CAD and were recruited at the Haukeland University Hospital in Bergen (BECAC study) with 4.6 years of follow-up, in addition to 1637 patients (63 years old; 78% male, BMI 26 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 2.6 mmol/l, triglycerides 1 mmol/l, statin use 27.2%) with an ACS diagnosis who underwent invasive treatment in 4 Swiss university hospitals (SPUM-ACS study), with 1-year follow-up | Cardiovascular death | Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, age, sex, smoking habits, previous acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, previous stroke | Cer (d18:1/16:0) and Cer (d18:1/24:1) were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death in all cohorts. OR Cer (d18:1/16:0)/Cer(d18:1/24:0) was 4.49 (95% CI, 2.24–8.98), 1.64 (1.29–2.08), and 1.77 (1.41–2.23) for Corogene, SPUM-ACS, and BECAC studies, respectively |
| Havulinna et al.7 Arteriosclerer Thromb Vasc Biol 2016;36: 2424-2430 | Populational cohort study with N = 8101 healthy patients (48 years old; 47% male, BMI 26 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 3.3 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.3 mmol/l) from FINRISK 2002 | Major cardiac and cerebrovascular adverse events | Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, arterial pressure, diabetes mellitus, and smoking habits | Cer (d18:1/16:0), Cer (d18:1/18:0), and Cer (d18:1/24:1) levels were significantly higher in patients with adverse cardiovascular progression when compared to asymptomatic individuals. Serum concentrations of high-risk ceramides predicting cardiovascular death in patients with CAD were also higher in FINRISK MACE cases when compared to asymptomatic individuals, as follows: Cer (d18:1/16:0), Cer (d18:1/18:0), and Cer (d18:1/24:1) 11.4%, 21.3%, and 17.0%, respectively (p < 0.001 for all) |
| Wang et al.4 Circulation 2017; 135: 2028-2040 | Cohort study nested in the PREDIMED randomized study with N = 980 participants (68 years old; 45% male, BMI 30 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 3.4 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.6 mmol/l), including 230 cases of CVD and 767 randomly selected participants. The sub cohort included 37 overlapping CVD cases. Two participants with undetectable plasma ceramide concentrations were excluded. Follow-up: 4.5 years | MACE | IAge, sex, BMI, family history of premature CAD, smoking habits, history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes. | Among the high-risk ceramides identified, the upper quartiles of plasma Cer (d18:1/16:0), Cer (d18:1/22:0), Cer (d18:1/24:0), and Cer (d18:1/24:1) levels were associated with an adverse cardiovascular outcome. The multivariable hazard ratios comparing the extreme quartiles of plasma C:16, C22:0, C24:0, and C24:1 concentrations were 2.39 (1.49–3.83, p < 0.001), 1.91 (1.21–3.01, p = 0.003), 1.97 (1.21–3.01, p = 0.004), and 1.73 (1.09–2.74, p = 0.011), respectively. |
| De Carvalho et al.13 JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018;3:163-175 | Prospective longitudinal study with N = 327 patients from a primary cohort (57 years old; 90% male, BMI 26 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 3.1 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.2 mmol/l) and 119 patients in the validation cohort (66 years old; 72% male, BMI 29 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 3.2 mmol/l) with ACS who underwent invasive stratification with plasma measurements performed before and after stratification; 1-year follow-up. | Major cardiac and cerebrovascular adverse events | GRACE | Among the high-risk ceramides previously identified, the plasma Cer (d18:1/16:0), Cer (d18:1/18:0), and Cer (d18:1/24:1) levels were associated with adverse cardiovascular events |
| Meeusen et al.32 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018; 38: 1933-1939 | Cross-sectional study: 495 participants (60 years old; 62% male, BMI 28kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 3.1 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.7 mmol/l, statin use 28.5%) before nonurgent coronary angiography. Follow-up: 4 years | MACE (myocardial infarction, percutaneous intervention, myocardial revascularization surgery, stroke, or death). | Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, smoking habits, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, family history of CAD | Among the high-risk ceramides previously identified, plasma Cer (d18:1/16:0), Cer (d18:1/18:0), and Cer (d18:1/24:1) levels were associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Adjusted hazard ratios per standard deviation (95% CI) were 1.50 (1.16–1.93) for Cer (16:0), 1.42 (1.11–1.83) for Cer (18:0), and 1.43 (1.08–1.89) for Cer (24:1) |
| Peterson et al.28 J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7: e007931 | Community-based study: 2642 participants from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS; 66 years old; 46% male, BMI 28 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 2.7 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.3 mmol/l, statin use 42.7%) and 3134 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP; 54 years old, 48% male, BMI 28 kg/m2, LDL-cholesterol 5.5 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.8 mmol/l, statin use 14.5%) were followed up for 6 and 8 years, respectively | MACE (fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events) | Age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking habits, anti-hypertensives, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, and lipid-lowering drugs | Among the high-risk ceramides previously identified, only Cer (d18:1/24:0) were associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. In the meta-analysis of both cohorts and after adjusting risk factors for CAD, C24:0/C16:0 ratios were inversely associated with CAD (hazard ratio per mean standard deviation increase, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71–0.89; p < 0.0001) and inversely associated with HF (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61–1,00; p = 0.046). |
| Hilvo et al.33 European Heart Journal 2019, in press | Longitudinal study; 3 large cohort studies: 3789 patients (62 years old; 72% male, LDL-cholesterol 2.9 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.5 mmol/l, statin use 72.6%) from the Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort (WECAC); 5991 patients (65 years old; 83% male, LDL-cholesterol 3.9 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.6 mmol/l, statin use 49.9%) from the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) study; and 1023 patients (62 years old; 84% male, LDL-cholesterol 3 mmol/l, triglycerides 1.6 mmol/l, statin use 75.6%) from the Langzeiterfolge der Kardiologischen Anschlussheilbehandlung (KAROLA) study. Follow-up: 6 years | MACE (composite endpoint including death due to CV events, MI, and stroke ) | IAge, sex, treatment with statins (WECAC, KAROLA), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, current smoking habit, previous MI, previous stroke, stratified according to vitamin B intervention (WECAC) and treatment group (LIPID). | A simple risk score, based on ceramides and phosphatidylcholines with the best prognostic characteristics, was developed by the WECAC study and validated in the other 2 cohorts. This score was highly significant for predicting mortality due to CVD (multi-adjusted hazard ratios [95% CI] per standard deviation were 1.44 [1.28–1.63] at the WECAC, 1.47 [1.34–1.61] at the LIPID study, and 1.69 [1.31– 2.17] at the KAROLA study). Moreover, a combination of the risk score with high-sensitivity troponin T increased hazard ratios to 1.63 (1.44–1.85) and 2.04 (1.57–2.64) in the WECAC and KAROLA cohorts, respectively. |
BECAC: Bergen Coronary Angiography Cohort; DAC: doença arterial coronariana; FINRISK: population-based risk factor survey ; IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; KAROLA: Langzeiterfolge der KARdiOLogischen Anschlussheilbehandlung; LIPID: Intervenção a Longo Prazo com Pravastatina em Doença Isquêmica; MACCE: eventos adversos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares maiores; MACE: eventos adversos cardíacos maiores; RR: razão de risco; SPUM-ACS: Special Program University Medicine-Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndromes ; WECAC: The Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort.