Roles for GADD45 in Development and Cancer.

The Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family of proteins are critical stress sensors that mediate various cellular responses, including DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Here, we review current literature investigating GADD45 family members as they relate to normal development and carcinogenesis. We first describe how modulation of GADD45 in model organisms has facilitated our understanding of roles for GADD45 family members in development and homeostasis. We then review current literature exploring roles for GADD45 in human cancer, describing cancer-associated alterations in expression of GADD45 family members; tumor suppressive and tumor promoting functions attributed to GADD5; and roles for GADD45 in cancer therapy. In exploring roles for GADD45 in development, homeostasis, and carcinogenesis, we aim to provide an informational resource that both highlighst current knowledge on this topic while also noting key gaps in our understanding of the biology of GADD45 that may be filled in order to best guide the development of novel approaches to improve diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy of human malignancies.