Hiroshi Komatsu1,2,3, Goh Onoguchi4, Stefan Jerotic5,6, Nobuhisa Kanahara7,8, Yoshihisa Kakuto9,10, Takashi Ono9, Shunichi Funakoshi9,10, Takeshi Yabana11, Toru Nakazawa11,12,13,14,15, Hiroaki Tomita16,4,17,18,19. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. hkomatsu1019@gmail.com. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. hkomatsu1019@gmail.com. 3. Miyagi Psychiatric Center, Natori, Japan. hkomatsu1019@gmail.com. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 5. Clinic for Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. 6. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. 7. Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan. 8. Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan. 9. Miyagi Psychiatric Center, Natori, Japan. 10. Department of Community Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 11. Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 12. Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 13. Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 14. Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 15. Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 16. Department of Psychiatry, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. 17. Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 18. Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. 19. Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The retina shares structural and functional similarities with the brain. Furthermore, structural changes in the retina have been observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated retinal abnormalities and their association with clinical factors for SSD. METHODS: Studies related to retinal layers in SSD patients were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and PSYNDEX databases from inception to March 31, 2021. We screened and assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. EZR ver.1.54 and the metafor package in R were used for the meta-analysis and a random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to report standardized mean differences (SMDs). RESULTS: Twenty-three studies (2079 eyes of patients and 1571 eyes of controls) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, average macular thickness (MT), and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness were significantly lower in patients than in controls (n = 14, 6, and 3, respectively; SMD = -0.33, -0.49, and -0.43, respectively). Patients also had significantly reduced macular volume (MV) compared to controls (n = 7; SMD = -0.53). The optic cup volume (OCV) was significantly larger in patients than in controls (n = 3; SMD = 0.28). The meta-regression analysis indicated an association between several clinical factors, such as duration of illness and the effect size of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV. CONCLUSION: Thinning of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV and enlargement of the OCV in SSD were observed. Retinal abnormalities may be applicable as state/trait markers in SSDs. The accumulated evidence was mainly cross-sectional and requires verification by longitudinal studies to characterize the relationship between OCT findings and clinical factors.
INTRODUCTION: The retina shares structural and functional similarities with the brain. Furthermore, structural changes in the retina have been observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated retinal abnormalities and their association with clinical factors for SSD. METHODS: Studies related to retinal layers in SSD patients were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and PSYNDEX databases from inception to March 31, 2021. We screened and assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. EZR ver.1.54 and the metafor package in R were used for the meta-analysis and a random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to report standardized mean differences (SMDs). RESULTS: Twenty-three studies (2079 eyes of patients and 1571 eyes of controls) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, average macular thickness (MT), and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness were significantly lower in patients than in controls (n = 14, 6, and 3, respectively; SMD = -0.33, -0.49, and -0.43, respectively). Patients also had significantly reduced macular volume (MV) compared to controls (n = 7; SMD = -0.53). The optic cup volume (OCV) was significantly larger in patients than in controls (n = 3; SMD = 0.28). The meta-regression analysis indicated an association between several clinical factors, such as duration of illness and the effect size of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV. CONCLUSION: Thinning of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV and enlargement of the OCV in SSD were observed. Retinal abnormalities may be applicable as state/trait markers in SSDs. The accumulated evidence was mainly cross-sectional and requires verification by longitudinal studies to characterize the relationship between OCT findings and clinical factors.
Authors: Kiyoto Kasai; Martha E Shenton; Dean F Salisbury; Yoshio Hirayasu; Chang-Uk Lee; Aleksandra A Ciszewski; Deborah Yurgelun-Todd; Ron Kikinis; Ferenc A Jolesz; Robert W McCarley Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2003-01 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Nina V Kraguljac; William M McDonald; Alik S Widge; Carolyn I Rodriguez; Mauricio Tohen; Charles B Nemeroff Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2021-01-05 Impact factor: 19.242
Authors: T G M van Erp; D P Hibar; J M Rasmussen; D C Glahn; G D Pearlson; O A Andreassen; I Agartz; L T Westlye; U K Haukvik; A M Dale; I Melle; C B Hartberg; O Gruber; B Kraemer; D Zilles; G Donohoe; S Kelly; C McDonald; D W Morris; D M Cannon; A Corvin; M W J Machielsen; L Koenders; L de Haan; D J Veltman; T D Satterthwaite; D H Wolf; R C Gur; R E Gur; S G Potkin; D H Mathalon; B A Mueller; A Preda; F Macciardi; S Ehrlich; E Walton; J Hass; V D Calhoun; H J Bockholt; S R Sponheim; J M Shoemaker; N E M van Haren; H E Hulshoff Pol; H E H Pol; R A Ophoff; R S Kahn; R Roiz-Santiañez; B Crespo-Facorro; L Wang; K I Alpert; E G Jönsson; R Dimitrova; C Bois; H C Whalley; A M McIntosh; S M Lawrie; R Hashimoto; P M Thompson; J A Turner Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2015-06-02 Impact factor: 15.992