The Association Between Sublingual Varices and Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Objective: To study the association between sublingual varices (SV) and cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors.
Methods: A total of 989 consecutive dental patients aged 55-84 years participated in the study, which applied a survey about risk factors, diseases and medications. Digital photos of the lateral borders of the tongue, height, weight, waist, hip and blood pressure were registered, and blood samples were analyzed. Those with SV were compared with those without SV (nSV).
Results: Those with SV had more hypertension 41.8% vs 27.0% (p<0.0001), a higher systolic blood pressure (BP) 139.5 (SD 18.6) mmHg vs 134.3 (SD 18.8) mmHg (95% CI -7.73 ─ -2.72), more diabetes type 2 (DM-2) 7.4% vs 3.8% (p=0.014), a higher fasting plasma glucose 5.9 (SD 1.5) mmol/L vs 5.7 (SD 1.0) mmol/L (95% CI -0.42 ─ -0.05), more dyslipidemia 24.1% vs 17.7% (p=0.018), lower HDL 1.6 vs 1.7 (p=0.003), a greater waist circumference 97.0 cm vs 93.9 cm (95% CI -4.66 ─ -1.46), a greater waist/hip ratio 0.92 cm/cm vs 0.90 cm/cm (95% CI -0.03 ─ -0.01), and a higher BMI 26.6 kg/m2 vs 26.0 kg/m2 (95% CI -1.11 ─ -0.03). The following associations with SV were found in multivariate analysis: hypertension OR=1.6 (95% CI 1.19 ─2.13), a high systolic BP OR =1.5 (95% CI 1.11 ─2.13), a high fP-glucose OR= 1.8 (95% CI 1.03 ─3.21), a low HDL OR= 1.8 (95% CI 1.15 ─2.92), a greater waist circumference OR= 1.68 (95% CI 1.10 ─2.58), a greater waist/hip ratio OR=2.21 (95% CI 1.36 ─3.58), and a higher BMI OR=1.05 (95% CI 1.02 ─1.09).
Conclusion: This study shows an association between SV and a high BP, a high fP-glucose, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, older age and smoking.

Introduction

Varicosities, benign venous lesions often found under the lateral borders of the tongue, are a condition called sublingual varices (SV). The prevalence is approximately 30% depending on the age of the population.1–4 The pathogenesis of SV is unknown and it is generally considered an effect of the aging process, but more recent research has found an association with cardiovascular diseases (CVD),1,2,4 hypertension,1,3,5 and smoking,2–4 and thus, there is a growing interest in SV. Besides these relationships, other surveys have indicated a possible connection with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM-2).1,5 The possible relationship between SV and CVD risk factors is poorly explored. The relationship between SV and hypertension was shown in two studies, where blood pressure was measured,3,5 while the relationship between SV and DM2 was based on past recall answers in a selected study population.1,5 No previous study has investigated the association between SV and other CVD risk factors such as high blood glucose, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between SV and risk factors for CVD with a focus on high blood pressure, high blood glucose, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity.

Methods

Setting

This study was performed at two dental clinics (one public dental clinic and one private clinic) with a total clientele of 13,000 patients. Both clinics are situated in the center of a small town on the Swedish west coast.

Study Population

In connection with their annual dental examination, patients aged 55─84 years were consecutively invited (postal letter and waiting-room poster) to participate in this study. The exclusion criteria were atrial fibrillation and renal dialysis. During the inclusion period (May 2018 to March 2020), 989 patients agreed to participate in the study.

Data Collection

All patients received both verbal and written information about the study and those who agreed to participate provided written consent. The patients answered a questionnaire either before or during their visit to the clinic. The questionnaire covered information about tobacco use and a family history of myocardial infarction, any diagnosed diseases (hypertension, DM-2, dyslipidemia, heart disease, vascular disease), and medications prescribed (for hypertension, DM-2, dyslipidemia).

Digital photos were taken, one of each side of the lateral border of the tongue. Height (cm) and weight (kg) without shoes was registered. Waist circumference (cm) (at the midpoint between the lowest rib and the iliac crest), and the hip circumference (cm) (at the greater trochanter) was measured, both in a standing position.

After ≥ 5 minutes of rest, the blood pressure (BP) mmHg was measured in a sitting position twice in each upper arm with an automatic blood pressure device (Omron M6 Comfort, Omron Health Care Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). The cuff was adapted to the size of the upper arm, 22─42 cm. A dental nurse or a dental hygienist, both educated and well trained in blood pressure measurements, took all blood pressure measurements. Patients with an average BP ≥140/90 mm Hg were instructed in how to measure their home blood pressure (Omron M6 Comfort) (morning and evening, twice at each occasion with 1–2 minutes apart, for one week), and then an average home BP was calculated (based on the BP values from Day 2─7).6 Fasting blood samples (P-glucose, HbA1c, P-cholesterol, P-high density lipoprotein (HDL), P-low density lipoprotein (LDL), P-triglycerides, CRP and creatinine) were taken within the next few days at a nearby primary health care center (PHC) and were analyzed at an ISO15189 accredited laboratory. The data collection is illustrated in Figure 1. All participants received a written report about their blood tests from the survey´s responsible doctor with advice to contact the PHC if necessary.

Figure 1

Flow chart of the approach through data collection and analyses among study participants. The questionnaire covered background- and medical conditions. Sublingual lateral veins were documented with two photos (one on each side). Measurement included blood pressure, length, weight, waiste- and hip circumference. Fasting blood sample were taken (P-glucose, HbA1c, P-cholesterol, P-high density lipoprotein, P-low density lipoprotein, P-triglycerides). The classification process is illustrated below the dotted line. Each photos of the sublingual lateral veins were classified as grade 0 (none/few sublingual varices (n-SV)) or as grade 1 (medium/severe sublingual varices (SV)) by two assessors (blindes from each other’s result). Full agreement n-SV were those whose veins on both sides of the tongue were classified as grade 0 by both assessors. Full agreement SV were those whose veins on both sides of the tongue were classified as grade 1 by both assessors. If not full agreement a consensus was reached. The consensus groups of n-SV and SV were used in the analyses.

Data Adaptation

Age was registered in whole years. The questions about smoking and snuff use were formulated as “Do you smoke?” and “Do you use snuff?” with the following answers: Yes daily; Yes sometimes; No. These answers were dichotomized to Yes (daily/sometimes)/No. The question about diseases was formulated as follows: “Do you have any of these diseases diagnosed by a physician?” with the following answers: Yes; No; I don´t know. The answers were dichotomized to Yes/No, where “I don´t know” was counted as “No”. The question about medication had the alternatives: Yes; No; I don´t know. The answers were dichotomized in the same way as for diseases.

BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by squared height (m2). An average clinic systolic and diastolic BP was calculated from the four measured BPs (mmHg).

In logistic regression analysis, systolic BP, fP-glucose, fP-lipids, BMI, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio were analyzed as categorical variables with the following categorization: systolic BP <130, 130–139, ≥140 mmHg; fP-glucose <5.6, 5.6─6.9, ≥7.0 mmol/L; P-cholesterol q1<4.8, q2 4.8─5.4, q3 5.5─6.1, q4 >6.1 mmol/L; P-HDL q1<1.4, q21.4─1.6, q31.7─2.0, q4>2.0 mmol/L; waist circumference q1<87, q2 87─94, q3 95─102, q4>102 cm; waist/hip ratio q1<0.853, q2 0.853─0.913, q3 >0.913─0.962, q4>0.962 cm/cm.

Two experienced dentists examined the digital photos (blinded from each other´s result and from the patient´s questionnaire answers, measurements and blood sample data) and classified the sublingual lateral veins as none/few visible SV (nSV)(grade 0) (Figure 2) or medium/severe SV (grade 1) (Figure 3) in accordance with the method used in a previous study.3 A consensus was reached in cases where the assessment differed between observers. The classification process is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 2

None/few sublingual varices (grade 0). Written consent obtained from patient.

Figure 3

Medium/severe sublingual varices (grade 1). Written consent obtained from patient.

Statistical Analysis

The study population was divided into two subgroups (SV or nSV). For comparisons between groups, Chi-squared test, Student´s t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were applied. For studies of possible associations between SV and the independent variables (hypertension, systolic blood pressure, DM-2, fP-glucose, dyslipidemia, fP-cholesterol, fP-HDL, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio) multiple logistic regression was performed using the enter method where the estimated values were adjusted for sex and age (Model 1) or for sex, age and smoking (Model 2).

Multicollinearity was tested with multiple linear regression analysis. The tolerance limit was set to VIF=3.0. Cohen’s kappa was used for a study on the coherence of the sublingual images (the interrater reliability). All tests were double-sided, and the significance level was set at p 0.05. SPSS 27.0 was used for the analyses.

Ethics

This study was approved by the Regional Research Ethics Committee at the University of Lund (EPN 2018/60) and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

Results

The external dropout frequency was not registered, but very few patients declined to participate. The internal dropout rate was 11.7% (116/989), mostly represented by those who did not have blood samples taken. The male/female ratio was 45.5%/54.5%, and the mean age was 66.5 years.

Those with SV were, to a greater extent, men, had a higher mean age, were more often smokers, and they reported more hypertension, more DM-2, and more dyslipidemia than those with nSV (Table 1). Multicollinearity tests were performed where the tolerance limit was set to VIF=3.0, showing that all variables in the models had a VIF <2.0.

Table 1

Background Variables and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Whole Study Population as Well as in the Subgroups of Those with No Sublingual Varices (nSV) and Those with Sublingual Varices (SV). A Comparison Between the Two Subgroups is Presented with p values and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)

		Study Population n989	nSVn663	SVn326	p value	CI
Sex % (male/female)	(n989)	45.5/54.5	42.5/57.5	51.5/48.5	0.008
Mean age, year (SD)	(n989)	66.5 (7.4)	65.3 (7.2)	68.8 (7.3)	<0.0001	−4.46 ─ −2.55
Smoker %	(n987)	10.3	8.5	14.1	0.006
Snuff user %	(n983)	9.9	8.5	12.6	0.042
Lower limb varices	(n986)	17.6	17.4	18.2	0.770
Blood pressure (BP)
- Hypertension %	(n987)	31.9	27.0	41.8	<0.0001
- Systolic BP mmHg (SD)	(n982)	136.0 (18.9)	134.3 (18.8)	139.5 (18.6)	<0.0001	−7.73 ─ −2.72
- Systolic home BP mmHg (SD)	(n242)	135.5 (13.0)	134.4 (13.1)	137.6 (12.6)	0.066	−6.63 ─ 0.29
- Diastolic BP mmHg (SD)	(n981)	84.5 (10.5)	84.1 (10.8)	85.4 (9.9)	0.076	−2.67 ─ 0.13
DM-2/glucose value
- DM-2%	(n984)	5.0	3.8	7.4	0.014
- fP-glucose mmol/L (SD)	(n872)	5.8 (1.2)	5.7 (1.0)	5.9 (1.5)	0.015	−0.42 ─ −0.05
- HbA1c mmol/mol (SD)	(n871)	39.1 (6.0)	38.8 (5.2)	39.7 (7.4)	0.051	−1.90 ─ 0.003
Dyslipidemia
- Dyslipidemia %	(n980)	19.8	17.7	24.1	0.018
- fP-cholesterole mmol/L (SD)	(n873)	5.5 (1.1)	5.6 (1.1)	5.3 (1.1)	0.003	0.08 ─ 0.38
- fP-HDL mmol/L (SD)	(n873)	1.7 (0.5)	1.7 (0.5)	1.6 (0.5)	0.003	0.04 ─ 0.17
- fP-LDL mmol/L (SD)	(n873)	3.7 (1.0)	3.8 (1.0)	3.6 (1.0)	0.007	0.05 ─ 0.34
- fP-triglycerides mmol/L (SD)	(n873)	1.2 (0.7)	1.2 (0.6)	1.3 (0.8)	0.126*
- fP-LDL/fP-HDL ratio (SD)	(n873)	2.4 (0.9)	2.4 (0.9)	2.4 (1.0)	0.570	−0.17 ─ 0.10
BMI/abdominal obesity
- BMI kg/m2 (SD)	(n987)	26.2 (4.1)	26.0 (4.0)	26.6 (4.1)	0.040	−1.11 ─ −0.03
- Waist cm (SD)	(n985)	94.9 (12.1)	93.9 (12.0)	97.0 (12.0)	<0.0001	−4.66 ─ −1.46
- Waist/hip ratio cm/cm (SD)	(n984)	0.9 (0.1)	0.9 (0.1)	0.9 (0.1)	<0.0001	−0.03 ─ −0.01

Note: *Mann–Whitney U-test.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; DM-2, diabetes mellitus type 2; fP, fasting plasma value; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index.

Blood Pressure

Those with SV had a higher mean systolic BP of 139.5 mmHg (SD 18.6) versus 134.3 mmHg (SD 18.8) (95% CI −7.73─ −2.72), Table 1. After excluding those diagnosed with hypertension (n313), the difference in systolic BP between the two groups remained (95% CI −8.25 ─ −1.99). After adjusting for the covariates sex and age, the relationship remained between the diagnosis of hypertension and SV (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.19 ─ 2.13) and between a high systolic BP and SV (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.11 ─ 2.13) (Table 2).

Table 2

The Association Between Sublingual Varices and the Independent Variables Hypertension, and Systolic Blood Pressure Groups, by Means of Separate Logistic Regression Analyses Controlled for Age and Sex (Model 1), and Age, Sex and Smoking (Model 2). The Results are Expressed as p values and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)

	Model 1 (n982)			Model 2 (n980)
	OR	p value	95% CI	OR	p value	95% CI
Hypertension	1.59	0.002	1.19 ─ 2.13	1.61	0.001	1.20 ─ 2.16
Systolic BP groups overall*		0.015			0.017
Systolic BP group (1)	1.02	0.921	0.71 ─ 1.48	0.99	0.946	0.68 ─ 1.43
Systolic BP group (2)	1.54	0.010	1.11 ─ 2.13	1.51	0.014	1.09 ─ 2.10

Notes: *<130 mmHg is the reference group, group (1) =130 ─ 139, group (2) ≥140 mmHg. VIF<2.0 for all dependent variables in the analyses.

When adjusting the model for age, sex, and smoking, the relationship was not significantly affected (Table 2).

DM-2/Glucose Value

fP-glucose was higher among those with SV 5.9 mmol/L (SD 1.5) vs nSV 5.7 mmol/L (SD 1.0) (95% CI −0.42 ─ 0.05) (Table 1). The difference in fP-glucose remained after the exclusion of patients diagnosed with DM-2 (n=42) (95% CI −0.31─ −0.01)(data not shown). A high fp-glucose value (≥7.0 mmol/L) was associated with SV (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.03─3.21) when adjusted for age and sex.

Dyslipidemia

The patients with SV had a lower fP-cholesterol (95% CI 0.08─ 0.38), a lower fP-HDL (95% CI 0.04─ 0.17), and a lower fP-LDL (95% CI 0.05─ 0.34) compared with nSV (Table 1). The differences between the groups remained after excluding those (n=178) diagnosed with dyslipidemia; fP-cholesterol (95% CI −0.01─ 0.30), fP-HDL (95% CI 0.01─ 0.17) and fP-LDL (95% CI −0.04─ 0.25)(data not shown). The relationship between the independent variables cholesterol and HDL (as categorical variables), and the dependent variable SV/nSV remained after adjusting for the covariates age and sex (Table 3). The strength of the relationship changed insignificantly when the model was adjusted for the covariates age, sex and smoking (Table 3).

Table 3

The Association Between Sublingual Varices and the Independent Variables Dyslipidemia, Fasting Plasma (fP) Cholesterol Quartiles, and fP High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), by Means of Separate Logistic Regression Analyses Controlled for Age and Sex (Model 1), and Age, Sex and Smoking (Model 2). The Results are Expressed as p values and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs).

	Model 1 (n873)			Model 2 (n871)
	OR	p value	95% CI	OR	p value	95% CI
Dyslipidemia	0.79	0.180	0.57 ─ 1.11	0.79	0.168	0.56 ─ 1.11
fP-cholesterole quartiles over all*		0.102			0.114
fP-cholesterole quartile (1)	0.93	0.732	0.62 ─ 1.40	0.93	0.743	0.62 ─ 1.41
fP-cholesterole quartile (2)	0.72	0.110	0.47 ─ 1.08	0.72	0.120	0.48 ─ 1.09
fP-cholesterole quartile (3)	0.62	0.031	0.41 ─ 0.96	0.63	0.035	0.41 ─ 0.97
fP-HDL quartiles over all**		0.012			0.016
fP-HDL quartile (1)	1.83	0.011	1.15 ─ 2.92	1.79	0.014	1.13 ─ 2.86
fP-HDL quartile (2)	1.04	0.873	0.67 ─ 1.62	1.01	0.972	0.65 ─ 1.57
fP-HDL quartile (3)	1.04	0.875	0.66 ─ 1.63	1.06	0.811	0.67 ─ 1.67

Notes: *fP-cholesterol quartile <4.8 mmol/L is reference, quartile (1) =4.8 ─ 5.4, (2) =5.5 ─ 6.1, (3) >6.1 mmol/L. **fP-HDL quartile >2.0 mmol/L is reference, quartile (1) <1.4, (2) =1.4 ─ 1.6, (3) =1.7 ─ 2.0 mmol/L. VIF<2.0.

Abdominal Obesity, BMI

Patients with SV had a higher BMI 26.6 (SD 4.1) vs 26.0 (SD 4.0) (95% CI −1.11─ −0.03), a greater waist circumference 97.0 (SD 12.0) vs 93.9 cm (SD 12.0) (95% CI −4.66 ─ −1.46), and a larger waist/hip ratio cm/cm (95% CI −0.03 ─ −0.01) compared to those with nSV (Table 1). After adjusting for the covariates sex and age the relationship between SV and a greater waist circumference remained significant OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.10 ─ 2.58), and for a larger waist/hip ratio OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.36 ─ 3.58) (Table 4). The strength of the relationship changed insignificantly when the model was adjusted for the covariates age, sex and smoking (Table 4).

Table 4

The Association Between Sublingual Varices and the Independent Variables Waist Circumference (cm) Quartiles and Waist-Hip Ratio Quartiles (cm/cm), by Means of Separate Logistic Regression Analyses Controlled for Age and Sex (Model 1), and Age, Sex and Smoking (Model 2). The Results are Expressed as p values and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs)

	Model 1 (n984)			Model 2 (n982)
	OR	p value	95% CI	OR	p value	95% CI
Waist circumference quartiles overall*		0.109			0.160
Waist circumference quartile (1)	1.26	0.271	0.83 ─ 1.91	1.25	0.302	0.82 ─ 1.89
Waist circumference quartile (2)	1.48	0.068	0.97 ─ 2.24	1.43	0.099	0.94 ─ 2.17
Waist circumference quartile (3)	1.68	0.017	1.10 ─ 2.58	1.63	0.027	1.06 ─ 2.51
Waist-hip ratio quartiles overall**		0.006			0.010
Waist-hip ratio quartile (1)	1.92	0.002	1.26 ─ 2.92	1.91	0.003	1.26 ─ 2.91
Waist-hip ratio quartile (2)	1.69	0.022	1.08 ─ 2.64	1.61	0.038	1.03 ─ 2.52
Waist-hip ratio quartile (3)	2.21	0.001	1.36 ─ 3.58	2.06	0.004	1.27 ─ 3.35

Notes: *Waist circumference quartile <87 cm is reference, quartile (1) =87 ─ 94, (2) =95 ─ 102, (3) >102 cm. **Waist-hip ratio quartile <0.853 cm/cm is reference, quartile (1) =0.853 ─ 0.913, (2) >0.913 ─ 0.962, (3) >0.962 cm/cm. VIF<2.0.

Interrater Agreement

The two observers evaluated the sublingual veins and agreed for 787 (80%) participants. The Cohen´s kappa coefficient was 0.57. An analysis of the group with full agreement (n787) showed that all significant differences between the two groups (SV and nSV) in Table 1 remained, except for BMI, which disappeared, and systolic home BP was added (95% CI −7.14 ─ −0.01). The following differences between the groups (SV/nSV) were reinforced: systolic BP (95% CI −8.44 ─ −2.81), fP-glucose (95% CI −0.49 ─ −0.05), fP-cholesterol (95% CI 0.10 ─ 0.44), fP-HDL (CI 0.05 ─ 0.20), fP-LDL (CI 0.07 ─ 0.40), waist circumference (95% CI −5.32 ─ −1.72) and waist/hip ratio (95% CI −0.04 ─ −0.02).

Discussion

The results of this study indicate an association between SV and the following cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, DM-2, dyslipidemia, high systolic BP, high fP-glucose, low fP-HDL, greater waist circumference, larger waist-hip ratio, male sex, older age and smoking. A relationship between SV and a diagnosis of hypertension,1,3,5 and a high BP3 were previously found. The results from this study verified the association between SV, a diagnosis of hypertension and a high systolic BP. An association between SV and a high systolic BP was also found among those without a formal diagnosis of hypertension. The relationship between SV and a high fP-glucose is a new finding and is reinforced by the relationship between SV and DM-2. One former study found an association between SV and diabetes mellitus (unclear if it was DM-1 or DM-2 or both) in a population attending a radiology department.1 The relationship between SV and dyslipidemia has not previously been studied. The strongest association was between SV and a low HDL. The association between SV and abdominal obesity is also a new finding and was not previously studied. A greater waist circumference, a larger waist/hip ratio and a higher BMI were all significantly associated with SV.

Sublingual varices were associated with a high systolic BP, a high fP-glucose, a low HDL and abdominal obesity. These four factors are all risk factors for CVD and are components of metabolic syndrome. Other factors associated with SV, shown in this study and in others, are older age1–3,5 and smoking,1–3,5,7 which are both risk factors for CVD. An association between SV and CVD was previously reported in studies based on recall information about CVD and in two studies where hypertension was included as CVD.1–4,8

The pathophysiological mechanism behind SV is unknown. If a high BP in the arterioles could affect the venules, a prerequisite of arteriovenous shunts is necessary, in a previous study, there is speculation about this but not concluded.9 The associations in this study between SV and a high systolic BP, a high fP-glucose, and a low HDL were found among those without formal respective diagnoses of hypertension, DM-2 and dyslipidemia is especially interesting, as this may indicate that the vessels under the tongue could be affected by a systemic pathological process behind the CVD, such as metabolic syndrome. If there is a mutual pathophysiology between SV and CVD, other possibilities for diagnostics would appear as SVs are easily accessible for visual inspection. As these results were not previously shown, additional studies are required for verification, and studies with CVD as an endpoint are required.

Methodological Considerations

The consecutive selection of this study population included both healthy and diseased individuals at different ages. This study population could be considered a close representative selection of the population, as approximately 60% of the inhabitants aged >24 years attend routine dental care each year,10 and 77% over a three years period.11 One methodological weakness is the subjective classification of the sublingual veins as SV or nSV. The blinded classification process resulted in a Cohen´s kappa coefficient of 0.57, which indicates that the distinction between SV and nSV is not clear. The transformation of the sublingual vessels from nSV to SV is likely to occur gradually. The two assessors classified the vessels under the tongue on both the left and right sides dichotomously (0/1) (a total of four assessments of each patient).

The total sum score of the sublingual vessels was from 0 to 4, where 0 and 4 were a complete consensus. The association between SV and systolic BP, fP-glucose, fP-HDL and abdominal obesity were all reinforced when only those patients classified with a complete consensus (SV sum score either 0 or 4) were included in the analysis. This would argue against the assessment bias having a significant impact on the results.

The questionnaire was not validated, but the questions were formulated in a simple manner with a limited number of possible answers.

The study had an internal dropout rate (11.7%), which mostly consisted of those who did not provide blood samples. The external dropout lacks numbers, but according to those who invited the patients to the study, very few refused to participate.

We consider that the aforementioned weaknesses have neither biased the study´s results nor validity in any crucial way.

Conclusion

Sublingual varices were found to be associated with all CVD risk factors included in metabolic syndrome as well as older age, male sex and smoking. These associations in combination with the unknown pathophysiological mechanism for the development of SV raises the question of whether there may be a common origin with CVD. If the sublingual vessels are influenced by the same pathophysiological mechanism as in CVD, this association could be of great importance for an early diagnosis, as these vessels are easily visible.