Mahla Toorbaf1, Leila Moradi1. 1. Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan P.O. Box 8731753153 Kashan I. R. Iran l_moradi@kashanu.ac.ir.
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) allow quick and easy access to a large group of organic compounds.[1-3] Three or more reactants reacted to form the products consisting of all raw materials.[4] Because these reactions do not require intermediate separation, their efficiency increases dramatically. Simple conditions, reduction of byproducts, easy separation, energy saving and short reaction times are the benefits of these reactions.[5]Recently, green approaches in designing the synthetic methods have attracted considerable attention. Green chemistry means the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and production of harmful substances to human health and the environment. The goals of this approach are the implementation and sustainable development of chemistry and technology in the chemical industry, academia and government.[6] Green chemistry is usually presented as a set of twelve principles suggested by Anastas and Warner, including guidelines for the chemists that work on the synthesis of materials, new chemicals, and new technological processes.[7,8]Spiroxindoles as a kind of polycyclic compounds, play an important role in the medical fields. Different derivatives of spiroxindoles are seriously on the agenda of scientists. On the other hand, with the change of precursors and methods of preparation of these compounds, new features of them are revealed in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. The antibacterial, anticancer, antitumour, antifungal and antimicrobial activities of these molecules have been demonstrated[9-12] therefore; it is desirable to develop simple and highly efficient methods for the preparation of spiroxindoles. Some of catalysts for synthesis of these compounds are include: piperidin[13], Et3N,[14] MNPs-guanidne,[15] Na2CaP2O7,[16]l-proline,[17] meglumine,[18] SnO2 (ref. 19) and CuO nanoparticles[20] and also 4-dimethylaminopyridine.[21]In recent years, supported catalysts as green and reusable catalysts have received much attention in the design of chemical syntheses. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide has been used as catalyst support due to high surface area, easily available, low cast and high activity.[22-24] Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms in a hexagonal configuration in which atoms are bonded to the sp2 hybrid. This structure is the newest member of the multi dimensional graphite carbon family.[25,26] Graphene oxide is a nanocarbon material with a honeycomb-like carbon plate which has epoxide, hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups on its surfaces.In presented method, we try to design a new heterogeneous catalyst based on graphene oxide. In fact, an amino group has been chemically attached on graphene oxide surfaces through SiO2 linker. Obtained basic catalyst was used in green synthesis of some spirooxindoles (Scheme 1). Results show the high efficiency of catalyst as well as short reaction times with high to excellent yield of products.
Scheme 1
Synthesis of spirooxindoles in the presence of GO/SiO2/PEA.
Experimental section
Materials and methods
Chemical reagents were purchased from the Merck and Aldrich Company. FT-IR spectra were obtained using KBr pellets on a Perkin Elmer 781 spectrophotometer and on an impact 400 Nicolet FTIR spectrophotometer. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were measured with DMSO-d6 solution and tetramethylsilane as internal standard on a Bruker DRX-400 spectrometer. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a mettle TA4000 system TG-50 at a heating rate of 10 K min−1 under N2 atmosphere. Raman spectroscopy was provided using FRA/106/S. To investigate the morphology of the MWCNTs and prepared catalyst, FE-SEM images and EDX analysis visualized by a Sigma ZEISS, Oxford Instruments Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. TEM images was provided using a Philips CM 120, Netherlands microscope with an accelerating voltage of 150 kV.
Preparation of graphene oxide (GO)
GO was synthesized from graphite using the Hummers method.[27] Briefly in a typical procedure, 1 g graphite, 15 ml H3PO4 and 135 ml H2SO4 were mixed. 6.6 g KMnO4 was slowly added while stirring, and the rate of addition was controlled to prevent the mixture temperature exceeding from 5 °C. Then, to remove the excess amounts of KMnO4, 3.5 ml of H2O2 was slowly added and stirred for 10 minutes. After left the mixture to cool down, 25 ml of HCl and 15 ml of (deionized water) DI water was added and centrifuged. The supernatant was decanted and the residuals was then rewashed again with HCl and DI water for 3 times and centrifuged. Obtained washed GO was dried at 90 °C for 24 hours to produce the powder of GO.
Preparation of graphene oxide functionalized with 2-(1-piperazinyl) ethylamine (GO/SiO2/PEA)
In a balloon equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a nitrogen gas conduction system, 1 g of graphene oxide, 100 ml of dry toluene and 1 ml of (3-chloropropyl) triethoxyethane were mixed and refluxed at 60 °C for 18 h. After the completion of this step, the content of the balloon was filtered and obtained solid (GO/CPTES) washed with EtOH and dried at 80 °C for 16 hours.[28] For preparation of GO/SiO2/PEA, 0.5 g of GO/CPTES was dispersed in 15 ml of dry toluene for 10 min by ultrasonication. Then 0.5 ml of 2-(1-piperazinyl) ethylamine (PEA) was added to the mixture and refluxed for 28 hours. After the time had elapsed, the mixture was filtered and the final product was washed with ethanol and dried at 80 °C for 12 h (Scheme 2).
Scheme 2
Preparation of GO/SiO2/PEA catalyst.
General procedure for the preparation of spiro derivatives
For the synthesis of spiro [indulin-3,4′-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-5′-carbonitrile derivatives (5a–e), a mixture of ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol) and hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol) were stirred by magnetic stirrer in 5 ml of water for 15 minutes at 60 °C. After the formation of 3-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one as a white precipitate, isatin (1 mmol) and malononitrile (1 mmol) and also catalyst (0.015 g) were added and reaction was continued to complete (followed by thin-layer chromatography). After the reaction was completed, the precipitate was dissolved in ethanol and the catalyst was separated by filtration. Evaporation of solvent from the filtrate, resulted the crud product and for further purification, recrystallized from ethanol (Scheme 1).In order to the synthesis of 7-amino-2,4-dihydro [indoline-3,5-pyrano(2,3-d)pyrimidine]-6-carbonitriles (6a–g), a mixture of isatin (1 mmol), malononitrile (1 mmol) and barbituric acid derivative (1 mmol) in the presence of 0.015 g of catalyst and 5 ml of water was stirred by magnetic stirrer at 60 °C for 18 min. After the completion of reaction was complete, the separation and purification of products was the same as previous synthetic method.
We have established that GO/SiO2/PEA is an efficient, reusable and heterogeneous solid base catalyst for the synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives. Presented method has several advantages including excellent yield of products, green reaction conditions, reusability of catalyst and the simple work-up process. Prepared catalyst was characterized using various methods.Fig. 1a and b shows the FTIR spectra of GO and GO/SiO2/PEA. In the FT-IR spectrum, of graphene oxide, the peak at 1578 cm−1 corresponds to carbon–carbon double bonds. The absorption peaks in the 1057, 1678 and 3437 cm−1 are related to the vibration of C–O, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, respectively. In the FT-IR spectra of GO/SiO2/PEA, vibration peaks corresponding to CO, CC, Si–O–C and N–H are at 1109, 1459, 1628, and 3437 cm−1 demonstrated that the chemically attachment of PEA on GO surfaces was done through SiO2 linker.
Fig. 1
FT-IR of: (a) GO, (b) GO/SiO2/PEA.
Fig. 2 shows the XRD patterns of graphite, GO and GO/SiO2/PEA. The XRD pattern of graphite shows a sharp and long peak at about 26.5° (with the intermolecular distance of 0.34 nm). After the Hummer process and graphene oxide formation, the peak is removed and one peak at about 12.7° was appeared (the interlayer distance become 0.7 nm). In the XRD pattern of the GO/SiO2/PEA, two signals are observed at 2θ = 10.8°, which is due to the structure of the graphene oxide substrate, and the second widespread signal at 2θ = 22.8°, indicates that the prepared catalyst has a layered structure contains amine groups.[29]
Fig. 2
XRD patterns of (a) graphite, (b) GO and (c) GO/SiO2/PEA.
TGA analysis was used to determine the stability of catalyst and percentage of functional groups attached on graphene oxide surfaces. Fig. 3 exhibited the TGA thermograms of GO and GO/SiO2/PEA. As can be seen in Fig. 3a, TGA curve of GO is stable to 220 °C. A major weight loss (about 35%) between 220 °C to 350 °C is due to the decomposition of water and the labile oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO.[30] As shown in TGA curve of GO/SiO2/PEA (Fig. 3b), the weight loss about 5% between 20–120 °C is assigned to removal of physically adsorbed water. The second weight loss (about 20%) occur at the temperatures ranging from 120 to 330 °C, and it is attributed to the removal of chemically grafting of SiO2/PEA on to the GO surfaces (Fig. 3b).[31]
Fig. 3
TGA curve of: (a) GO and (b) GO/SiO2/PEA.
In addition, the morphology of prepared catalyst was investigated by the FE-SEM and TEM techniques. As can be seen, the layered, wrinkled and folded structure of catalyst (in Fig. 4a, c and d) proved that SiO2/PEA chemically attached on the GO surfaces.[32,33] Also, EDX was used to prove the composition of GO/SiO2/PEA. Results show the presence of nitrogen, silicon, carbon and oxygen in catalyst structure to demonstrate the successfully preparation of GO/SiO2/PEA.
Fig. 4
FE-SEM (a), EDX (b) and TEM images (c and d) of GO/SiO2/PEA.
Raman spectroscopy is a nondestructive technique to characterize the structure of carbon based materials. Fig. 5 shows Raman spectra of GO (curve a) and GO/SiO2/PEA (curve b). For carbon materials, the main attributes for a Raman spectra is identified by the D and G bands present around 1345 cm−1 and 1571 cm−1.[34,35] The D band, generated by the zone boundary phonons, provides information about the defects and impurities and the G band arises from the doubly degenerate zone centre E2g mode and is present for all carbon based materials.[34,36]Fig. 4 also shows that the position of the G band is shifted from 1571 to 1564 cm−1 for GO/SiO2/PEA. This is consistent with the restoration of sp2 graphitic network.[37] The intensity ratio IG/ID for both GO and GO/SiO2/PEA are found to be around 0.39 indicating similar degrees of disorder which is understandable considering that functionalization of GO occurs by attachment of SiO2/PEA predominantly on the defect sites where oxidizing groups were already present and hence it does not generally involve conversion of sp2 bonds into sp3.[38]
Fig. 5
Raman spectra of GO and GO/SiO2/PEA.
After preparation and characterization of catalyst, to optimize the reaction conditions (catalyst amounts, temperature and solvent), the reaction between ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol), hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol), isatin (1 mmol) and malononitrile (1 mmol) was used as model reaction. Firstly, optimization of solvent and temperature was studied. Based on the results depicted in Table 1, it is founded that water is the best solvent in terms of yield and time of reaction (at 60 °C) compared to other solvents.
Optimization of solvent and temperature for the synthesis of spirooxindolesa
Entry
Solvent
T (°C)
Time (min)
Yieldb (%)
1
H2O
r.t.
25
80
2
H2O
60
18
90
3
C2H5OH
r.t
25
72
4
C2H5OH
60
25
83
5
C2H5OH/H2O (1 : 1)
r.t.
25
78
6
C2H5OH/H2O (1 : 1)
60
25
82
7
CH3CN
r.t
25
12
8
CH3CN
60
25
18
Ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol), hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol), isatin (1 mmol) and malononitrile (1 mmol) in the presence of 0.015 g of catalyst.
Isolated yield.
Ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol), hydrazine hydrate (1 mmol), isatin (1 mmol) and malononitrile (1 mmol) in the presence of 0.015 g of catalyst.Isolated yield.Additionally, the optimization of catalyst amount and its effect on the reaction time and yield was investigated. The data in Table 2 show that 0.015 g of catalyst cause to the best yield of product and also the further amount of catalyst did not increase the yield of product.
Optimization of catalyst amount for the synthesis of spirooxindolesa
Entry
Catalyst (g)
Time (min)
Yield (%)
1
0.005
30
78
2
0.01
23
84
3
0.015
18
90
4
0.018
18
90
5
0.02
18
90
(1 mmol) ethyl acetoacetate, (1 mmol) hydrazine hydrate, (1 mmol) isatin, (1 mmol) malononitrile at 60 °C.
(1 mmol) ethyl acetoacetate, (1 mmol) hydrazine hydrate, (1 mmol) isatin, (1 mmol) malononitrile at 60 °C.After the optimization of reaction conditions, for evaluation of catalyst efficiency, a variety of spirooxindoles were synthesized at optimum conditions. The results and details were summarized in Table 3. As shown in this table, good to excellent yields were achieved after short reaction times in all cases.
Synthesis of some spirooxindole derivatives using GO/SiO2/PEA
Entry
Carbonyl compound
Isatin
Product
Yield (%)
Mp (°C)
1
90
232–234 (ref. 28)
2
92
226–228 (ref. 28)
3
90
262–265 (ref. 27)
4
89
232–234 (ref. 27)
5
90
248–250 (ref. 27)
6
90
281–283 (ref. 39)
7
93
299–301 (ref. 39)
8
92
289–291 (ref. 39)
9
91
238–240 (ref. 39)
10
89
248–250 (ref. 33)
11
90
276–278
12
90
299–301 (ref. 20)
A proposed mechanism for the synthesis of spirooxindoles in the presence of GO/SiO2/PEA is displayed in Scheme 3. As can be seen, firstly hydrazine hydrate reacts with ethyl acetoacetate to form 3-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one (I). On the other hand, Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile and isatin in the presence of catalyst, lead to formation of intermediate (II). In the next step, Michael addition occurs between intermediate I and II to produce intermediate (III). Finally, the intramolecular cyclization follow by tautomerization of intermediate III resulted the mentioned product.[32,33]
Scheme 3
Proposed reaction pathway for the synthesis of spirooxindoles.
In order to study on the performance and recyclability of catalyst, after the completion of sample reaction, catalyst was separated, washed with ethanol and water and dried for using in other similar reaction. Fig. 6 shows that recycled catalyst could be reused five times without considerable decrease in the yield of product to demonstrate the high efficiency and reusability of GO/SiO2/PEA.
Fig. 6
Investigation of catalyst reusability.
Hot filtration test has been done to detect the catalyst nature (homogeneous or heterogeneous). In this way, model reaction was performed under optimized conditions. During the test, catalyst was separated from the reaction mixture by filtration after 9 min (half time of reaction), and the reaction of filtrate was continued for other 9 min. The yield of product (about 40%) shown that after removal of the catalyst, the reaction did not proceed; indicating that no catalytically active species (amino groups) remained in the filtrate and the reaction was performed in the presence of heterogeneous GO/SiO2/PEA catalyst.The efficiency of GO/SiO2/PEA was compared with some of the other catalysts applied for the synthesis of two kinds of spirooxindole derivatives (5a and 6a). As shown in Table 4, when the reaction was performed in the presence of GO/SiO2/PEA in water, the reaction time was shorter and the product yield was higher than others. Green reaction conditions contain to reusable and efficient catalyst, short reaction time, low temperature as well as easy and clean workup, make this method as a green and eco-friendly protocol.
Comparison of the performance of synthesized catalystsa
Entry
Catalyst
Time
Yield (%)
Reference
1
Piperidin
5 h
89
13
2
Et3N
5 h
80
14
3
Na2CaP2O7
50 min
78
16
4
l-Proline
30 min
92
17
5
Carbon–SO3H
30 min
90
40
6
Meglumine
35 min
92
18
7
THAMb in ethanol, r.t.
4 h
84
41
8
SBA-Pr-NH2, r.t., solvent-free
15 min
80
42
9
Chitosan, r.t., (bmim)OH
210 min
90
43
10
EDDF–PEG60, r.t.
5 h
87
44
11
Ionic liquid/K2CO3 in water
1 h
90
45
12
CoFe2O4@SiO2@PUF@Zn(OAc)2 in water
45 min
89
46
14
Fe2O3@SiO2@vitB1Np in water for sonication
10 min
85
47
15
In water at 6 °C
30 min
83
48
16
γ-Fe2O3@HAp-Si(CH2)3SO3H in water at 30 °C
20 min
78
49
17
Et3N microwave irradiation
2 min
79
50
18
GO/SiO2/PEA
18 min
90c
This work
Entry 1–10: reaction conditions for the synthesis of 5a and 11–18 for 6a.
Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane.
The yield of 5a.
Entry 1–10: reaction conditions for the synthesis of 5a and 11–18 for 6a.Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane.The yield of 5a.
Conclusion
We have established that GO/SiO2/PEA is a robust, reusable and heterogeneous solid catalyst for the synthesis of spirooxindoles in water under thermal conditions. This method has several advantages, including excellent yields of products, green reaction solvent, reusability of catalyst and simple work-up process.
Authors: Sun Hwa Lee; Daniel R Dreyer; Jinho An; Aruna Velamakanni; Richard D Piner; Sungjin Park; Yanwu Zhu; Sang Ouk Kim; Christopher W Bielawski; Rodney S Ruoff Journal: Macromol Rapid Commun Date: 2009-11-24 Impact factor: 5.734
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Scheme 3
Fig. 6