| Literature DB >> 35478001 |
Dunming Xu1, Sanmei Zeng1, Xuncai Liu2, Luxiao Wang1, Qunyan Fan2, Xiaojiang Zhang2, Enhua Fang1.
Abstract
Edible bird's nests (EBNs), a food of animal origin, are temporary nests built by swiftlets to foster their offspring. As EBNs and their products are widely accepted by consumers, the safety of hormones in EBNs has also received increasing attention. The establishment of a method for hormone analysis in EBNs and the investigation of hormone levels based on the analytical method are the most effective measures to eliminate any safety concerns. In this study, a multi-residue method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 45 hormones in EBNs, including estrogens, progesterones, androgens, and cortical hormones. EBN samples (1.0 g) were weighed into 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes and mixed with 8 mL of pure water. Then, the samples were extracted twice with 15 mL of acetonitrile and ethyl acetate (1∶1, v/v) under ultrasonic-assisted conditions for 30 min, and the protein in the EBN samples was precipitated at 4000 r/min for 5 min. The clear supernatants were loaded onto a hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) SPE column, which was previously activated with methanol (3 mL) followed by pure water (3 mL). The cartridge was washed with 3 mL of pure water and 3 mL of 50% methanol aqueous solution. The hormones were eluted with 3 mL of methanol. A rapid analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The hormones in the extracting solution were separated on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) and eluted by gradient elution with acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (ESI+) or acetonitrile-water (ESI-). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The HPLC-MS/MS results showed good linearity in the range of 0.20-20.0 μg/L with correlation coefficients (R2) ≥0.9990. For the 45 hormones, the limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) were 0.04-0.70 μg/kg and the limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N≥10) were 0.16-2.00 μg/kg. The recoveries of five hormones, namely, fluorometholone, budesonide, aldosterone, fluocinonide, and ethinylestradiol, were 40.2%-63.6%. Owing to the low recoveries, this method might be suitable only for qualitative testing of the five hormones. The recoveries of the other 40 target analytes were between 72.2% and 112.3% at spiked levels of 2.0, 4.0, and 20.0 μg/kg with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2.5%-11.6%. The method is characterized by easy operation, rapidness, high precision, and high sensitivity for the 40 compounds. Thus, this method is suitable for determination of the 40 hormones from EBNs for qualitative testing and quantitation. The proposed method was used to analyze 1021 EBN samples from Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam from 2017 to 2021. Only three hormones, progesterone, boldenone, and androstenedione, were identified in the EBN samples, while the levels of the other hormones were lower than their individual LODs. The detected rates of progesterone, boldenone, and androstenedione were 100%, 79%, and 89%, respectively. The contents of progesterone, boldenone, and androstenedione in the EBN samples were 0.097-3.58 μg/kg, 0-0.096 μg/kg and 0-1.77 μg/kg, respectively. The levels of hormones in EBNs were compared with those in eggs, pure milk, and dairy products, which were also animal-derived foods. Androstenedione was detected in all egg samples monitored, and its content was higher than that in EBN samples, pure milk, and dairy products. The content of boldenone was similar among the four products investigated in this study. Based on risk assessment using progesterone, the dietary intake was found to be 3.54 μg/d from milk >1.09 μg/d from eggs >0.0030 μg/d from EBNs. The results showed that the levels of hormones in EBNs were much lower than those in eggs, milk, and dairy products for daily consumption. Based on this investigation, the health effect of the hormones in EBNs may be insignificant.Entities:
Keywords: content level; edible bird's nest (EBN); high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS); hormones
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35478001 PMCID: PMC9404142 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.08008
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
45种激素的质谱参数
| No. | Compound | CAS No. | Parent | Product | DP/V | CE/eV | Ionization | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | triamcinolone (曲安西龙) | 124-94-7 | 2.52 | 439.2 | 363.3* | -66 | -20 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 393.2 | -66 | -14 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 2 | aldosterone (醛固酮) | 52-39-1 | 3.05 | 405.2 | 331.1* | -60 | -30 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 359.1 | -60 | -17 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 3 | betamethasone (倍他米松) | 378-44-9 | 3.20 | 393.2 | 337.3* | 60 | 18 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 355.2 | 60 | 18 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 4 | fluoxymesterone (氟甲睾酮) | 76-43-7 | 3.33 | 337.2 | 131.0* | 40 | 47 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 241.3 | 40 | 33 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 5 | prednisolone (泼尼松龙) | 50-24-8 | 3.42 | 405.2 | 329.1* | -40 | -24 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 359.0 | -40 | -17 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 6 | estriol (雌三醇) | 50-27-1 | 3.43 | 287.1 | 170.9* | -100 | -50 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 144.9 | -100 | -57 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 7 | prednisone (泼尼松) | 53-03-2 | 3.46 | 403.2 | 327.1* | 50 | -19 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 357.1 | 50 | -13 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 8 | hydrocortisone (氢化可的松) | 50-23-7 | 3.50 | 407.2 | 331.2* | -26 | -24 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 361.1 | -26 | -17 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 9 | boldenone (勃地酮) | 846-48-0 | 3.62 | 287.2 | 121.0* | 45 | 31 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 135.0 | 45 | 21 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 10 | cortisone (可的松) | 53-06-5 | 3.62 | 405.2 | 329.0* | -30 | -23 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 359.2 | -30 | -13 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 11 | 19-nortestosterone (诺龙) | 434-22-0 | 3.73 | 275.2 | 109.2* | 50 | 33 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 134.9 | 50 | 28 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 257.3 | 50 | 24 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 12 | norethindrone (炔诺酮) | 68-22-4 | 4.03 | 299.2 | 109.1* | 20 | 32 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 231.1 | 20 | 24 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 13 | 21-hydroxyprogesterone (21-羟基孕酮) | 64-85-7 | 4.09 | 331.2 | 97.0* | 140 | 28 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 109.0 | 140 | 34 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 14 | 6 | 83-43-2 | 4.19 | 419.2 | 343.1* | -16 | -26 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 373.3 | -16 | -17 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 15 | androstenedione (雄烯二酮) | 63-05-8 | 4.30 | 287.2 | 97.1* | 110 | 31 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 109.1 | 110 | 31 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 16 | methyltestosterone (甲睾酮) | 58-18-4 | 4.33 | 303.2 | 97.1* | 50 | 32 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 109.1 | 50 | 35 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 17 | 17 | 68-96-2 | 4.35 | 331.2 | 97.2* | 100 | 33 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 109.2 | 100 | 38 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 18 | dexamethasone (地塞米松) | 50-02-2 | 4.40 | 437.2 | 361.1* | -25 | -25 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 391.1 | -25 | -16 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 19 | flumethasone (氟米松) | 2135-17-3 | 4.46 | 455.2 | 379.1* | -40 | -27 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 409.2 | -40 | -17 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 20 | beclomethasone (倍氯米松) | 4419-39-0 | 4.67 | 453.2 | 377.2* | -40 | -21 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 407.1 | -40 | -18 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| No. | Compound | CAS No. | Parent | Product | DP/V | CE/eV | Ionization | ||||||||
| 21 | levonorgestrel (左炔诺孕酮) | 797-63-7 | 4.70 | 313.2 | 108.9* | 41 | 39 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 245.3 | 20 | 24 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 22 | 5 | 5295-66-9 | 4.74 | 291.1 | 159.2* | 166 | 36 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 255.4 | 166 | 24 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 23 | triamcinolone acetonide (醋酸曲安奈德) | 3870-07-3 | 4.87 | 479.2 | 337.1* | -30 | -34 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 413.1 | -30 | -31 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 24 | medroxyprogesterone (甲羟孕酮) | 520-85-4 | 4.98 | 345.3 | 97.0* | 40 | 33 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 123.2 | 40 | 36 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 25 | stanozolol (康力龙) | 10418-03-8 | 5.06 | 329.3 | 81.1* | 58 | 84 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 95.0 | 58 | 52 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 26 | mesterolone (甲氢睾酮) | 1424-00-6 | 5.11 | 305.2 | 173.3* | 180 | 30 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 269.3 | 180 | 24 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 229.2 | 180 | 26 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 27 | 17 | 50-28-2 | 5.12 | 271.1 | 183.2* | -160 | -53 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 144.8 | -160 | -52 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 28 | fluocinolone acetonide (醋酸氟轻松) | 67-73-2 | 5.13 | 497.2 | 355.2* | -33 | -35 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 431.2 | -33 | -28 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 29 | estrone (雌酮) | 53-16-7 | 5.28 | 269.1 | 144.9* | -30 | -18 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 158.9 | -30 | -26 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 30 | fluorometholone (氟米龙) | 426-13-1 | 5.34 | 421.2 | 254.8* | -22 | -29 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 354.9 | -22 | -22 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 31 | fludrocortisone acetate (醋酸氟氢可的松) | 514-36-3 | 5.41 | 467.3 | 349.0* | -30 | -36 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 421.1 | -30 | -19 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 32 | 17 | 57-91-0 | 5.43 | 271.2 | 144.9* | -160 | -50 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 182.9 | -160 | -55 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 239.1 | -160 | -54 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 33 | trenbolone acetate (醋酸群勃龙) | 10161-34-9 | 5.62 | 313.2 | 253.3* | 50 | 29 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 271.0 | 50 | 28 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 34 | megestrol-17-acetate (醋酸甲地孕酮) | 595-33-5 | 5.90 | 385.2 | 267.1* | 90 | 25 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 325.2 | 90 | 19 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 35 | progesterone (孕酮) | 57-83-0 | 5.91 | 315.2 | 97.0* | 35 | 31 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 109.0 | 35 | 32 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 297.3 | 35 | 22 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 36 | danazol (达那唑) | 17230-88-5 | 5.95 | 338.2 | 120.2* | 12 | 41 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 148.2 | 8 | 34 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 37 | chloromadinone 17-acetate (乙酸氯地孕酮) | 302-22-7 | 6.06 | 405.2 | 309.1* | 90 | 23 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 345.2 | 90 | 19 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 38 | melengestrol acetate (甲烯雌醇乙酸脂) | 2919-66-6 | 6.16 | 397.2 | 279.2* | 11 | 27 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 337.1 | 8 | 20 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 39 | medroxyprogesterone-17-acetate (醋酸甲羟孕酮) | 71-58-9 | 6.17 | 387.2 | 285.4* | 80 | 24 | [M+H]+ | |||||||
| 327.3 | 80 | 20 | [M+H]+ | ||||||||||||
| 40 | budesonide (布地奈德) | 51333-22-3 | 6.36 | 475.2 | 339.3* | -40 | -31 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 357.3 | -40 | -20 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 41 | ethinylestradiol (炔雌醇) | 57-63-6 | 6.44 | 295.1 | 145.0* | -40 | -51 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 159.1 | -40 | -44 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 42 | diethylstilbestrol (己烯雌酚) | 56-53-1 | 7.05 | 267.3 | 237.1* | -40 | -42 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 251.0 | -40 | -36 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 43 | dienestrol (双烯雌酚) | 84-17-3 | 7.06 | 265.2 | 92.7* | -32 | -50 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 171.1 | -28 | -30 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 44 | hexestrol (己烷雌酚) | 84-16-2 | 7.08 | 269.1 | 118.8* | -47 | -59 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 132.8 | -47 | -19 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
| 45 | clobetasol propionate (丙酸倍氯他索) | 25122-46-7 | 7.27 | 511.2 | 429.0* | -45 | -27 | [M-H]- | |||||||
| 465.1 | -45 | -18 | [M-H]- | ||||||||||||
DP: declustering potential; CE: collision energy; * quantitative ion.
图145种激素的总离子流色谱图
45种激素的回归方程、相关系数、检出限、定量限及回收率(n=6)
| No. | Compound | Regression equation | LOD/ | LOQ/ | Recoveries/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.0 μg/kg | 4.0 μg/kg | 20.0 μg/kg | |||||||
| 1 | triamcinolone | 0.9996 | 0.30 | 0.97 | 78.0 | 85.7 | 89.2 | ||
| 2 | aldosterone | 0.9996 | 0.31 | 1.02 | 58.5 | 61.3 | 61.6 | ||
| 3 | betamethasone | 0.9994 | 0.13 | 0.53 | 87.1 | 86.6 | 89.3 | ||
| 4 | fluoxymesterone | 0.9995 | 0.11 | 0.42 | 91.7 | 87.0 | 88.5 | ||
| 5 | prednisolone | 0.9997 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 108.9 | 89.0 | 88.4 | ||
| 6 | estriol | 0.9997 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 85.8 | 87.1 | 95.4 | ||
| 7 | prednisone | 0.9998 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 91.0 | 80.4 | 88.1 | ||
| 8 | hydrocortisone | 0.9996 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 91.2 | 89.6 | 87.8 | ||
| 9 | boldenone | 0.9999 | 0.08 | 0.34 | 90.6 | 92.3 | 87.4 | ||
| 10 | cortisone | 0.9992 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 77.9 | 77.1 | 86.6 | ||
| 11 | 19-nortestosterone | 0.9995 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 85.9 | 75.6 | 91.8 | ||
| 12 | norethindrone | 0.9996 | 0.20 | 1.01 | 112.3 | 84.3 | 108.7 | ||
| 13 | 21-hydroxyprogesterone | 0.9996 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 78.0 | 79.8 | 77.7 | ||
| 14 | 6 | 0.9995 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 86.8 | 87.7 | 91.3 | ||
| 15 | androstenedione | 0.9993 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 98.1 | 87.8 | 90.0 | ||
| 16 | methyltestosterone | 0.9998 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 89.3 | 78.7 | 91.1 | ||
| 17 | 17 | 0.9994 | 0.13 | 0.48 | 72.2 | 73.2 | 86.6 | ||
| 18 | dexamethasone | 0.9998 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 102.3 | 86.0 | 100.3 | ||
| 19 | flumethasone | 0.9996 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 90.4 | 86.7 | 90.6 | ||
| 20 | beclomethasone | 0.9998 | 0.10 | 0.36 | 76.4 | 87.1 | 80.4 | ||
| 21 | levonorgestrel | 0.9998 | 0.20 | 1.03 | 90.8 | 70.5 | 88.4 | ||
| 22 | 5 | 0.9990 | 0.61 | 2.00 | 99.5 | 86.2 | 101.6 | ||
| 23 | triamcinolone acetonide | 0.9994 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 85.7 | 89.0 | 90.0 | ||
| 24 | medroxyprogesterone | 0.9992 | 0.13 | 0.52 | 91.0 | 78.6 | 89.8 | ||
| 25 | stanozolol | 0.9994 | 0.17 | 0.76 | 81.3 | 79.7 | 79.4 | ||
| 26 | mesterolone | 0.9996 | 0.70 | 1.95 | 78.6 | 86.9 | 106.7 | ||
| 27 | 17 | 0.9998 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 107.6 | 87.5 | 87.6 | ||
| 28 | fluocinolone acetonide | 0.9996 | 0.10 | 0.48 | 40.2 | 51.1 | 62.7 | ||
| 29 | estrone | 0.9998 | 0.14 | 0.46 | 87.9 | 88.3 | 89.0 | ||
| 30 | fluorometholone | 0.9998 | 0.32 | 0.96 | 62.4 | 60.4 | 63.3 | ||
| 31 | fludrocortisone acetate | 0.9996 | 0.31 | 1.00 | 107.9 | 86.2 | 106.9 | ||
| 32 | 17 | 0.9991 | 0.13 | 0.49 | 90.2 | 86.3 | 97.5 | ||
| 33 | trenbolone acetate | 0.9992 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 77.7 | 76.0 | 89.5 | ||
| 34 | megestrol-17-acetate | 0.9996 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 90.2 | 88.9 | 89.0 | ||
| 35 | progesterone | 0.9996 | 0.08 | 0.37 | 107.6 | 98.1 | 87.4 | ||
| 36 | danazol | 0.9993 | 0.13 | 0.45 | 88.4 | 91.5 | 87.8 | ||
| 37 | chloromadinone 17-acetate | 0.9996 | 0.10 | 0.52 | 85.5 | 78.5 | 98.5 | ||
| 38 | melengestrol acetate | 0.9996 | 0.13 | 0.35 | 85.4 | 89.1 | 90.7 | ||
| 39 | medroxyprogesterone-17-acetate | 0.9998 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 86.3 | 107.8 | 98.7 | ||
| 40 | budesonide | 0.9978 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 60.1 | 62.5 | 63.6 | ||
| 41 | ethinylestradiol | 0.9997 | 0.30 | 0.96 | 54.1 | 54.7 | 58.8 | ||
| 42 | diethylstilbestrol | 0.9997 | 0.11 | 0.39 | 88.3 | 85.6 | 77.0 | ||
| 43 | dienestrol | 0.9992 | 0.13 | 0.36 | 85.1 | 84.8 | 90.1 | ||
| 44 | hexestrol | 0.9995 | 0.40 | 0.97 | 85.7 | 76.8 | 98.9 | ||
| 45 | clobetasol propionate | 0.9995 | 0.17 | 0.42 | 86.5 | 85.8 | 109.8 | ||
y: peak area; x: mass concentration, μg/L.
图2燕窝中勃地酮、雄烯二酮和孕酮的含量分布
图3勃地酮、雄烯二酮、孕酮的二级碎片质谱图和裂解示意图
不同动物源食品中勃地酮、雄烯二酮和孕酮的含量
| Product | Boldenone/ | Androstenedione/ | Progesterone/ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EBN | 0-0.096 | 0 | -1.77 | 0.097- | 3.58 |
| Pure milk | 0-0.20 | 0 | -1.88 | 1.82- | 32.9 |
| Dairy | 0-0.14 | 0 | -1.43 | 0- | 20.1 |
| Eggs | 0-0.25 | 1.86 | -5.36 | 16.9- | 36.2 |