BACKGROUND: A lack of effective treatment for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) makes it an important factor restricting the 5-year survival rate of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Long non-coding RNA 00668 (LINC00668) was reported to play crucial regulatory roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers; however, its role in LUSC is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognosis value and biological function of LINC00668 in NSCLC, especially in LUSC. METHODS: The expression pattern of LINC00668 and its relationship with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients were investigated in the NSCLC especially LUSC based on The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) database. Its function in LUSC cells was explored in vitro. RESULTS: LINC00668 expression was significantly up-regulated in LUSC patients and high expression level of LINC00668 was associated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TMN) stage. Moreover, the expression of LINC00668 significantly increased in smoking patients, and was a prognostic indicator for overall survival (OS) of smoking patients with LUSC. In vitro experiments showed that LINC00668 has significantly higher expression level in LUSC cell lines and tissues compared to normal bronchial epithelial cell and para-tumor tissues; meanwhile, functional assay indicated knockdown of LINC00668 effectively inhibited the migration and invasion of LUSC cells. CONCLUSIONS: LINC00668 might closely relate to the development of LUSC, and inhibition of LINC00668 may reduce the metastasis of LUSC.
BACKGROUND: A lack of effective treatment for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) makes it an important factor restricting the 5-year survival rate of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Long non-coding RNA 00668 (LINC00668) was reported to play crucial regulatory roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers; however, its role in LUSC is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognosis value and biological function of LINC00668 in NSCLC, especially in LUSC. METHODS: The expression pattern of LINC00668 and its relationship with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients were investigated in the NSCLC especially LUSC based on The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA) database. Its function in LUSC cells was explored in vitro. RESULTS: LINC00668 expression was significantly up-regulated in LUSC patients and high expression level of LINC00668 was associated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TMN) stage. Moreover, the expression of LINC00668 significantly increased in smoking patients, and was a prognostic indicator for overall survival (OS) of smoking patients with LUSC. In vitro experiments showed that LINC00668 has significantly higher expression level in LUSC cell lines and tissues compared to normal bronchial epithelial cell and para-tumor tissues; meanwhile, functional assay indicated knockdown of LINC00668 effectively inhibited the migration and invasion of LUSC cells. CONCLUSIONS: LINC00668 might closely relate to the development of LUSC, and inhibition of LINC00668 may reduce the metastasis of LUSC.
LINC00668 expression was up-regulated in LUSC patients and was correlated to advanced TNM stage. A: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD and normal tissues based on TCGA database; B: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC and normal tissues based on TCGA database; C: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC samples with different tumor stages based on TCGA database; D: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC samples with different T stages based on TCGA database; E: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC samples with different N stages based on TCGA database; F: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD samples with different tumor stages based on TCGA database; G: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD samples with different T stages based on TCGA database; H: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD samples with different N stages based on TCGA database. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000, 1, ns: not significant. TNM: tumor-node-metastasis.
LINC00668在LUSC中表达量升高且与患者TNM分期显著相关。A:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在LUAD组织和正常组织中的表达情况; B:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在LUSC组织和正常组织中的表达情况; C:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在不同肿瘤分期LUSC患者组织中的表达情况; D:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在不同T分期LUSC患者组织中的表达情况; E:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在不同N分期LUSC患者组织中的表达情况; F:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在不同肿瘤分期LUAD患者组织中的表达情况; G:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在不同T分期LUAD患者组织中的表达情况; H:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在不同N分期LUAD患者组织中的表达情况。*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01,****P < 0.000, 1,ns:无统计学意义。LINC00668 expression was up-regulated in LUSC patients and was correlated to advanced TNM stage. A: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD and normal tissues based on TCGA database; B: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC and normal tissues based on TCGA database; C: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC samples with different tumor stages based on TCGA database; D: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC samples with different T stages based on TCGA database; E: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC samples with different N stages based on TCGA database; F: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD samples with different tumor stages based on TCGA database; G: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD samples with different T stages based on TCGA database; H: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD samples with different N stages based on TCGA database. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000, 1, ns: not significant. TNM: tumor-node-metastasis.随后我们分别在LUSC及LUAD中进一步分析了LINC00668的表达量与TNM分期的关系。结果显示,在LUSC中,LINC00668的表达量和肿瘤分期密切相关,相较于早期(Ⅰ期),其表达量在中晚期(Ⅱ期-Ⅳ期)LUSC中明显升高(1.77±0.13 vs 2.16±0.15, P < 0.05)(图 1C); 同时,相较于T1-T2,LINC00668在T分期晚期(T3-T4)的LUSC中表达量也显著升高(1.88±0.10 vs 2.38±0.28, P < 0.05)(图 1D)。虽然其表达量在N分期的早期及中晚期的LUSC中无明显差异,但是有明显趋势显示其在N分期中晚期(N1-N3)时表达量增高(1.85±0.12 vs 2.23±0.18, P=0.07)(图 1E)。在LUAD中,LINC00668的表达量与肿瘤的TNM分期无明显关系(图 1F-图 1H)。接下来,我们又以中位表达量为界将LUSC患者分为LINC00668高表达或低表达组,分别探索其与患者年龄、性别、TNM分期及吸烟情况的关系,结果显示,LINC00668高表达倾向于男性、晚期及吸烟患者(表 4)。
表 4
TCGA数据库中LINC00668表达量高低两组的LUSC患者临床特征[n(%)]
Clinical characteristics of LUSC patients with high or low LINC00668 expression level in TCGA database [n(%)]
Clinical factors
TCGA dataset - LUSC
P
Low group
High group
Age (yr)
0.106
≤65
86 (35.1)
103 (42.2)
> 65
159 (64.9)
141 (57.8)
Gender
0.024
Female
75 (30.4)
53 (21.5)
Male
172 (69.6)
194 (78.5)
Stage
0.039
Ⅰ
127 (52.0)
115 (46.7)
Ⅱ
66 (27.0)
92 (37.4)
Ⅲ/Ⅳ
51 (21.0)
39 (15.9)
T stage
0.813
T1
54 (21.9)
60 (24.3)
T2
146 (59.1)
141 (57.1)
T3-T4
47 (19.0)
46 (18.6)
N stage
0.583
0
163 (66.8)
153 (62.7)
1
57 (23.4)
70 (28.7)
2
21 (8.6)
19 (7.8)
3
3 (1.2)
2 (0.8)
Smoking status
0.003
Non or ever
187 (78.2)
157 (66.0)
Current
52 (21.8)
81 (34.0)
TCGA数据库中LINC00668表达量高低两组的LUSC患者临床特征[n(%)]Clinical characteristics of LUSC patients with high or low LINC00668 expression level in TCGA database [n(%)]
LINC00668 expression is strongly associated with smoking and has impact on the prognosis of patients with smoking history. A: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of overall survival (OS) among LUSC patients with low or high expression of LINC00668 (median expression of LINC00668 as cut-off) based on TCGA database; B: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of OS among LUAD patients with low or high expression of LINC00668 (median expression of LINC00668 as cut-off) based on TCGA database; C: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC patients according to their different smoking status based on TCGA database; D: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD patients according to their different smoking status based on TCGA database; E: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of OS among LUSC patients with low or high expression of LINC00668 in Kmplot; F: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of OS among LUSC smokers with low or high expression of LINC00668 in Kmplot. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
LINC00668与吸烟密切相关且影响LUSC吸烟患者的预后。A:Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示TCGA数据库中LUSC患者LINC00668表达量高低两组(以LINC00668中位表达量为界)的总生存期(overall survival, OS)的情况; B:Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示TCGA数据库中LUAD患者LINC00668表达量高低两组(以LINC00668中位表达量为界)的OS的情况; C:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在LUSC吸烟和未吸烟患者组织中的表达情况; D:TCGA数据库中LINC00668在LUAD吸烟和未吸烟患者组织中的表达情况; E:Kmplot中LUSC患者LINC00668表达量高低两组OS的情况; F:Kmplot中LINC00668在吸烟LUSC患者中表达量高低两组OS的情况。*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01。LINC00668 expression is strongly associated with smoking and has impact on the prognosis of patients with smoking history. A: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of overall survival (OS) among LUSC patients with low or high expression of LINC00668 (median expression of LINC00668 as cut-off) based on TCGA database; B: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of OS among LUAD patients with low or high expression of LINC00668 (median expression of LINC00668 as cut-off) based on TCGA database; C: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC patients according to their different smoking status based on TCGA database; D: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUAD patients according to their different smoking status based on TCGA database; E: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of OS among LUSC patients with low or high expression of LINC00668 in Kmplot; F: Kaplan-Meier survival curve of OS among LUSC smokers with low or high expression of LINC00668 in Kmplot. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.吸烟是肺癌的独立危险因素,且参与并促进肺癌的发生发展。接下来,我们进一步探索了LINC00668的表达量和吸烟情况的关系。结果显示,无论在LUSC或LUAD中,LINC00668在吸烟患者中的表达量均明显升高(LUSC: 1.84±0.12 vs 2.46±0.23; LUAD: 0.16±0.02 vs 0.29±0.07),差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(图 2C,图 2D)。Kaplan-Meier Plotter(Kmplot)网站囊括了CaBIG(http://cabig.cancer.gov/)数据库、TCGA数据库及GEO数据库中肺癌的数据,可以扩大样本量更好地分析基因与生存的关系。有趣的是,在LUSC中,LINC00668的表达量仍然与患者的OS无明显相关(P > 0.05)(图 2E); 然而,LINC00668的表达量却与吸烟LUSC患者的OS显著相关,LINC00668高表达的吸烟肺鳞癌患者的生存期明显低于低表达的吸烟患者[HR: 2.74 (1.09-6.85), P < 0.05](图 2F)。LINC00668的表达量与LUSC患者的临床分期相关; 吸烟是LUSC的高危因素之一,LINC00668表达量在吸烟患者中显著升高,且与吸烟LUSC患者的OS显著相关。以上结果提示,与LUAD相比,LINC00668与LUSC关系更加密切。
LINC00668 expression was increased in LUSC cell lines and tissues. A: The expression level of LINC00668 in different LUAD and LUSC cell lines according to qRT-PCR assay, each cell line has three duplicates; B: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC tissues and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues according to qRT-PCR assay. *P < 0.05, each experiment repeated three times.
LINC00668在肺鳞癌细胞系和组织中表达量升高。A:qRT-PCR检测LINC00668在不同肺腺癌和肺鳞癌细胞系中的表达情况,每种细胞系设置3个重复孔; B:qRT-PCR检测LINC00668在10对肺鳞癌组织及其癌旁组织中的表达情况。*P < 0.05,每组实验重复3次。LINC00668 expression was increased in LUSC cell lines and tissues. A: The expression level of LINC00668 in different LUAD and LUSC cell lines according to qRT-PCR assay, each cell line has three duplicates; B: The expression level of LINC00668 in LUSC tissues and corresponding adjacent non-tumor tissues according to qRT-PCR assay. *P < 0.05, each experiment repeated three times.qRT-PCR结果显示LINC00668在肿瘤组织中的表达量明显高于其相应的癌旁组织,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)(图 3B)。
Downregulation of LINC00668 in LUSC cell line H2170 suppressed cell migration and invasion. A: Fluorescence microscopy showed the transfection efficiency of H2170 cells; B: qRT-PCR showed that the expression of LINC00668 in H2170 cells was significantly reduced after transfection with shRNAs; C: CCK-8 assay showed knockdown of LINC00668 in H2170 cells does not affect cell proliferation; D: Wound-healing assay showed knockdown of LINC00668 in H2170 cells inhibited cell migration; E: Quantification of wound area in wound-healing assay (normalized by the area of 0 h); F: Transwell assay showed knockdown of LINC00668 in H2170 cells suppressed cell invasion; G: Quantification of the number of cells invaded into down chambers. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, each experiment repeated three times.
在肺鳞癌细胞系H2170中下调LINC00668可抑制细胞的转移和侵袭。A:荧光显微镜下显示H2170细胞转染后的荧光携带情况; B:qRT-PCR检测显示LINC00668在转染质粒shRNA的H2170细胞系中表达量降低; C:CCK-8试验显示在H2170细胞中下调LINC00668不影响细胞的增殖; D:划痕试验显示在H2170细胞中下调LINC00668抑制细胞迁移; E:划痕试验划痕面积的量化(面积较0 h的相对大小); F:Transwell试验显示在H2170细胞中下调LINC00668抑制细胞侵袭; G:Transwell试验侵袭到小室下层膜细胞数的量化。*P < 0.05,***P < 0.001,每组实验重复3次。Downregulation of LINC00668 in LUSC cell line H2170 suppressed cell migration and invasion. A: Fluorescence microscopy showed the transfection efficiency of H2170 cells; B: qRT-PCR showed that the expression of LINC00668 in H2170 cells was significantly reduced after transfection with shRNAs; C: CCK-8 assay showed knockdown of LINC00668 in H2170 cells does not affect cell proliferation; D: Wound-healing assay showed knockdown of LINC00668 in H2170 cells inhibited cell migration; E: Quantification of wound area in wound-healing assay (normalized by the area of 0 h); F: Transwell assay showed knockdown of LINC00668 in H2170 cells suppressed cell invasion; G: Quantification of the number of cells invaded into down chambers. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, each experiment repeated three times.为了探索LINC00668在H2170细胞增殖中的作用,我们进行了CCK-8实验,分别在铺板后24 h、48 h及72 h检测了三组细胞的吸光度值,结果显示,三组并无明显差异(图 4C)。以上结果提示,在H2170细胞中敲低LINC00668并不影响细胞的增殖。为了探索LINC00668对H2170细胞迁移侵袭的影响,我们首先进行了划痕实验,结果显示,划痕后24 h和48 h,LINC00668敲低组shRNA1和shRNA2的划痕区域面积明显大于对照组(P < 0.05)(图 4D,图 4E)。Transwell小室侵袭实验显示,LINC00668敲低组shRNA1和shRNA2穿到小室下面的细胞数明显少于对照组(210±6 vs 92±6 vs 108±7, P < 0.05)(图 4F,图 4G)。以上结果提示,敲低LINC00668显著抑制了H2170肺鳞癌细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。
Authors: Peter Goldstraw; David Ball; James R Jett; Thierry Le Chevalier; Eric Lim; Andrew G Nicholson; Frances A Shepherd Journal: Lancet Date: 2011-05-10 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Matthew D Wilkerson; Xiaoying Yin; Vonn Walter; Ni Zhao; Christopher R Cabanski; Michele C Hayward; C Ryan Miller; Mark A Socinski; Alden M Parsons; Leigh B Thorne; Benjamin E Haithcock; Nirmal K Veeramachaneni; William K Funkhouser; Scott H Randell; Philip S Bernard; Charles M Perou; D Neil Hayes Journal: PLoS One Date: 2012-05-10 Impact factor: 3.240