Hao Wang1, Shaohua Zhao2, Shengjun Wang3, Yue Zheng4, Shaohua Wang5, Hui Chen6, Jiaojiao Pang7, Juan Ma8, Xiaorong Yang9, Yuguo Chen10. 1. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 2. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 3. Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 5. Department of Internal Medicine, Jinan Hospital, Jinan, China. 6. Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China. 7. Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. 8. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China. 9. Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China. Electronic address: yangxiaorong@sdu.edu.cn. 10. Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China. Electronic address: chen919085@sdu.edu.cn.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to estimate the spatiotemporal patterns of the encephalitis burden along with its attributable risk factors at the national, regional, and global levels, which may be helpful in guiding targeted prevention and treatment programs. METHODS: Based on available data sources, the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of encephalitis in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019 were reconstructed by the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 using the Cause of Death Ensemble model, spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and DisMod-MR 2.1. We conducted a systematic analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of encephalitis in detail by gender, region, and age over the past three decades. RESULTS: Globally, 1,444,720 incident cases, 89,900 deaths, and 4.80 million DALYs related to encephalitis were estimated in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 23.17 and 2.18 to 19.33 and 1.19 per 100,000 person-years over the past 30 years, respectively. However, beginning in 2011-2013, the burden of encephalitis has shown an inflection point, with a further decline of the ASRs ceasing. Lower socio-demographic index (SDI) regions in South Asia, Western and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest burden of encephalitis in 2019. During the past three decades, most countries of South Asia achieved significant control of the burden. In contrast, developed countries with a higher SDI have shown a notable increase in ASMR and age-standardized DALYs rate. Children and older adults have always been high-risk groups for encephalitis. CONCLUSION: Although the global burden of encephalitis has decreased in the past 30 years, a further decline stopped from 2011 to 2013. The diverse burden in different regions calls for differentiated management, and the persistent high burden in some low-SDI regions and the increased burden in developed countries with higher SDIs deserve more attention.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to estimate the spatiotemporal patterns of the encephalitis burden along with its attributable risk factors at the national, regional, and global levels, which may be helpful in guiding targeted prevention and treatment programs. METHODS: Based on available data sources, the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of encephalitis in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2019 were reconstructed by the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 using the Cause of Death Ensemble model, spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and DisMod-MR 2.1. We conducted a systematic analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of encephalitis in detail by gender, region, and age over the past three decades. RESULTS: Globally, 1,444,720 incident cases, 89,900 deaths, and 4.80 million DALYs related to encephalitis were estimated in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased from 23.17 and 2.18 to 19.33 and 1.19 per 100,000 person-years over the past 30 years, respectively. However, beginning in 2011-2013, the burden of encephalitis has shown an inflection point, with a further decline of the ASRs ceasing. Lower socio-demographic index (SDI) regions in South Asia, Western and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest burden of encephalitis in 2019. During the past three decades, most countries of South Asia achieved significant control of the burden. In contrast, developed countries with a higher SDI have shown a notable increase in ASMR and age-standardized DALYs rate. Children and older adults have always been high-risk groups for encephalitis. CONCLUSION: Although the global burden of encephalitis has decreased in the past 30 years, a further decline stopped from 2011 to 2013. The diverse burden in different regions calls for differentiated management, and the persistent high burden in some low-SDI regions and the increased burden in developed countries with higher SDIs deserve more attention.
Authors: Jennifer C Erklauer; Ajay X Thomas; Sue J Hong; Brian L Appavu; Jessica L Carpenter; Nicolas R Chiriboga-Salazar; Peter A Ferrazzano; Zachary Goldstein; Jennifer L Griffith; Kristin P Guilliams; Matthew P Kirschen; Karen Lidsky; Marlina E Lovett; Brandon McLaughlin; Jennifer C Munoz Pareja; Sarah Murphy; Wendy O'Donnell; James J Riviello; Michelle E Schober; Alexis A Topjian; Mark S Wainwright; Dennis W Simon Journal: Children (Basel) Date: 2022-07-20