José Cesar Rosa-Neto1, Fábio Santos Lira2, Jonathan Peter Little3, Graham Landells3, Hashim Islam3, Bénédicte Chazaud4, David B Pyne5, Ana Maria Teixeira6, Helena Batatinha1, Barbara Moura Antunes2,7, Luciele Guerra Minuzzi2,6, Jana Palmowski8, Richard J Simpson9, Karsten Krüger8. 1. Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences 1, University of São Paulo (ICB1-USP), São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil. 2. Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil. 3. School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, CANADA. 4. Institut NeuroMyoGene, Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Univ Lyon, CNRS 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. 5. Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia. 6. University of Coimbra, Research Center for Sports and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal. 7. Facultad de Deportes Campus Ensenada, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México. 8. Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany. 9. School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness; Department of Pediatrics; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The term immunometabolism describes cellular and molecular metabolic processes that control the immune system and the associated immune responses. Acute exercise and regular physical activity have a substantial influence on the metabolism and the immune system, so that both processes are closely associated and influence each other bidirectionally. SCOPE OF REVIEW: We limit the review here to focus on metabolic phenotypes and metabolic plasticity of T cells and macrophages to describe the complex role of acute exercise stress and regular physical activity on these cell types. The metabolic and immunological consequences of the social problem of inactivity and how, conversely, an active lifestyle can break this vicious circle, are then described. Finally, these aspects are evaluated against the background of an aging society. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: T cells and macrophages show high sensitivity to changes in their metabolic environment, which indirectly or directly affects their central functions. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour have an important influence on metabolic status, thereby modifying immune cell phenotypes and influencing immunological plasticity. A detailed understanding of the interactions between acute and chronic physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and the metabolic status of immune cells, can help to target the dysregulated immune system of people who live in a much too inactive society.
BACKGROUND: The term immunometabolism describes cellular and molecular metabolic processes that control the immune system and the associated immune responses. Acute exercise and regular physical activity have a substantial influence on the metabolism and the immune system, so that both processes are closely associated and influence each other bidirectionally. SCOPE OF REVIEW: We limit the review here to focus on metabolic phenotypes and metabolic plasticity of T cells and macrophages to describe the complex role of acute exercise stress and regular physical activity on these cell types. The metabolic and immunological consequences of the social problem of inactivity and how, conversely, an active lifestyle can break this vicious circle, are then described. Finally, these aspects are evaluated against the background of an aging society. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: T cells and macrophages show high sensitivity to changes in their metabolic environment, which indirectly or directly affects their central functions. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour have an important influence on metabolic status, thereby modifying immune cell phenotypes and influencing immunological plasticity. A detailed understanding of the interactions between acute and chronic physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and the metabolic status of immune cells, can help to target the dysregulated immune system of people who live in a much too inactive society.