Fluorescence-Shadowing Nanoparticle Clusters for Real-Time Monitoring of Tumor Progression.

Monitoring tumor progression is important for elucidating appropriate therapeutic strategies in response to anticancer therapeutics. To fluorescently monitor the in vivo levels of tumor-specific enzymes, we prepared matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-responsive gold nanoparticle (AuNP) clusters to sense tumor microenvironments. Specifically, AuNPs and quantum dots (QDs) were surface-engineered with two poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG] shells and cyclooctyne moieties, respectively, for the copper-free click reaction. Upon "peeling off" of the secondary shell from the double-PEGylated AuNPs under MMP-rich conditions, shielded azide moieties of the AuNPs were displayed toward the QD, and those two particles were clicked into nanoparticle clusters. This consequently resulted in a dramatic size increase and fluorescence quenching of QDs via fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) due to the molecular proximity of the particles. We observed that FRET efficiency was modulated via changes in MMP levels and exposure time. Cancer cell numbers exhibited a strong correlation with FRET efficiency, and in vivo studies that employed solid tumor models accordingly showed that FRET efficiency was dependent on the tumor size. Thus, we envision that this platform can be tailored and optimized for tumor monitoring based on MMP levels in solid tumors.