Acute coronary artery stent thrombosis caused by a spasm: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Acute stent thrombosis (AST) is a serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The causes of AST include the use of stents of inappropriate diameters, multiple overlapping stents, or excessively long stents; incomplete stent expansion; poor stent adhesion; incomplete coverage of dissection; formation of thrombosis or intramural hematomas; vascular injury secondary to intraoperative mechanical manipulation; insufficient dose administration of postoperative antiplatelet medications; and resistance to antiplatelet drugs. Cases of AST secondary to coronary artery spasms are rare, with only a few reports in the literature. CASE
SUMMARY: A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of back pain for 2 d. He was diagnosed with coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) based on electrocardiography results and creatinine kinase myocardial band, troponin I, and troponin T levels. A 2.5 mm × 33.0 mm drug-eluting stent was inserted into the occluded portion of the right coronary artery. Aspirin, clopidogrel, and atorvastatin were started. Six days later, the patient developed AST after taking a bath in the morning. Repeat coronary angiography showed occlusion of the proximal stent, and intravascular ultrasound showed severe coronary artery spasms. The patient's AST was thought to be caused by coronary artery spasms and treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Postoperatively, he was administered diltiazem to inhibit coronary artery spasms and prevent future episodes of AST. He survived and reported no discomfort at the 2-mo follow-up after the operation and initiation of drug treatment.
CONCLUSION: Coronary spasms can cause both AMI and AST. For patients who exhibit coronary spasms during PCI, diltiazem administration could reduce spasms and prevent future AST. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: Acute stent thrombosis (AST) is a serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The causes of AST include the use of stents of inappropriate diameters, multiple overlapping stents, or excessively long stents; incomplete stent expansion; poor stent adhesion; incomplete coverage of dissection; formation of thrombosis or intramural hematomas; vascular injury secondary to intraoperative mechanical manipulation; insufficient dose administration of postoperative antiplatelet medications; and resistance to antiplatelet drugs. Cases of AST secondary to coronary artery spasms are rare. We report a case of AST in a 52-year-old man possibly caused by a coronary artery spasm. Coronary spasms can cause both AMI and AST. For patients with coronary spasms during PCI, diltiazem administration could reduce spasms and prevent future AST.

INTRODUCTION

Acute stent thrombosis (AST) is a serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). When bare metal stents were often used, the incidence rate of AST was approximately 1.2%[1]. However, in recent years, because of the widespread use of drug-eluting stents and continuous advancements in the treatment of complex lesions, the incidence rate of AST has been increasing[2]. Currently, the known causes of AST include the use of stents of inappropriate diameters, multiple overlapping stents, or excessively long stents; incomplete coverage of dissection; incomplete stent expansion; poor stent adhesion; formation of thrombosis or intramural hematomas; vascular injury secondary to intraoperative mechanical manipulation; insufficient dose administration of postoperative antiplatelet medications; and resistance to antiplatelet drugs[3,4]. However, the occurrence of AST secondary to coronary artery spasms is rare, with only a few cases reported in the literature[5]. Here, we report a case of AST possibly caused by a coronary artery spasm.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of back pain for 2 d.

History of present illness

Two days before admission, the patient developed non-radiating back pain, nausea, discomfort, fatigue, and an impending sense of doom. He reported no shortness of breath or vomiting. His symptoms lasted for 6-7 h and improved afterwards. He did not seek medical consultation until the day of admission.

History of past illness

The patient had hypertension for 3 years and was on irbesartan 80 mg qd.

Personal and family history

The patient reported no history of smoking, diabetes, or malignancy.

Physical examination

Physical examination revealed no abnormalities.

Laboratory examinations

At the hospital, the electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm; possible inferior myocardial infarction in leads II, III, and aVF; and mild ST-segment depression. The patient was administered with ticagrelor 180 mg, aspirin 300 mg, and atorvastatin 20 mg before emergency department transfer. The repeat electrocardiogram showed an abnormal sinus rhythm; Q wave; and II, III, aVF T-wave changes (Figure 1). Blood examination revealed a troponin level of 23.85 ng/mL and a creatine kinase myocardial band isoenzyme level of 90.2 U/L. The patient was admitted to the critical care unit for acute inferior myocardial infarction.

Figure 1

The first electrocardiogram of the patient at the emergency department shows inferior myocardial infarction.

Imaging examinations

Six days later, the patient’s troponin levels returned to normal. Coronary angiography showed no left main coronary or left circumflex artery stenosis, 60% stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery, 60%-70% stenosis in the proximal right coronary artery (RCA), and complete occlusion of the middle parts of the RCA (Figure 2A).

Figure 2

Photographs of the patient’s first emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. A: 60%-70% diffuse stenosis in the proximal part of the right coronary artery, approximately 50% stenosis in the middle part, and total occlusion beyond the middle and distal parts; B: After balloon dilation, digital subtraction angiography shows 90% stenosis in the middle and distal parts of the right coronary and 90% stenosis in the distal part; C: Stenosis of the distal right coronary artery has disappeared after injecting 2 mL of nitroglycerin; D: No stenosis in the middle or distal part of the right coronary artery after stent implantation, with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3.

Balloon angioplasty was performed with a 2.0 mm × 15.0 mm balloon in the middle part of the RCA. Repeat angiography showed 90% stenosis in both the middle and distal parts of the RCA (Figure 2B). Distal RCA stenosis resolved after injecting 2 mL of nitroglycerin (Figure 2C). A 2.5 mm × 33.0 mm drug-eluting stent was then inserted into the middle part of the RCA. A Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade of 3 was documented postoperatively (Figure 2D).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Final diagnoses of coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and AST were made.

TREATMENT

The patient was started on aspirin, clopidogrel, and atorvastatin. He recovered well from the operation and was scheduled to leave the hospital on June 15, 2020. However, on the day of the supposed discharge, he suddenly developed pain and discomfort in his back lasting over 10 min. The electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm with abnormal Q waves and ST elevations of 0.05-0.10 mv in leads II, III, and aVF (Figure 3). His symptoms improved slightly after sublingual nitroglycerin administration. AST was suspected, and he was transferred to the digital subtraction tomography room. Coronary angiography showed occlusion in the proximal stent (Figure 4A, Video 1). After performing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty using a 2.5 mm × 20.0 mm balloon, the distal end of the RCA showed 90% stenosis. After expanding the stent sequentially from the distal to proximal segments using 15 atm pressure, RCA showed 90% stenosis (Figure 4B). The balloon was withdrawn, and intracoronary nitroglycerin was administered. Repeat angiography then revealed a patent distal right coronary artery with TIMI flow grade 3 (Figure 4C). An intravascular ultrasound catheter inserted in the distal end of the right coronary artery showed no obvious plaque (Figure 5A) and good adherence of the stent (Figure 5B). Postoperatively, the etiology of AST was suspected to be coronary artery spasms. Diltiazem administration was started to reduce coronary artery spasms. Postoperatively, back discomfort disappeared, and ST segments in leads II, III, and aVF dropped.

Figure 3

The electrocardiogram shows inferior myocardial infarction after the patient has taken a bath.

Figure 4

Acute thrombosis in a stent undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. A: The proximal part of the right coronary artery stent is occluded; B: After thrombus formation in the balloon-expanded stent, 90% stenosis of the distal right coronary artery is seen on the radiograph; C: The distal part of the right coronary artery is patent after the second nitroglycerin administration into the coronary artery, with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3.

Figure 5

Intravascular ultrasound shows coronary stenosis. A: The distal end of the right coronary artery shows no stenosis; B: The stent adheres well and shows no stenosis.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

On hospitalization day 4, the patient reported no discomfort. He was discharged and started on antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel, diltiazem to reduce coronary spasms, and atorvastatin to stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. He reported no discomfort at the 2-mo follow-up.

DISCUSSION

AST is a serious complication of PCI. A recent meta-analysis of 30 clinical studies involving a total 221066 patients showed that the incidences of confirmed, highly probable, and possible AST were 0.4%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, respectively[6]. Despite the low incidence, AST leads to acute coronary syndrome and has a mortality rate of 20%-40%[7]. Understanding the risk factors for AST and pathophysiology of its occurrence and development may provide insights to aid the development of preventive and active treatments.

Iakovou et al[8] showed that decreased left ventricular ejection fraction is associated with the occurrence of AST. The ACUITY trial showed that insulin-treated diabetes and ST-segment elevations ≥ 0.1 mv are independent risk factors for AST within 1 year after PCI[9]. Kuchulakanti et al[7] showed that diabetes and acute and chronic renal failure are risk factors for AST in patients with drug-coated stent implants. A study on platelet hyperresponsiveness to adenosine diphosphate involving over 10000 patients proposed platelet hyperresponsiveness as a major risk factor for AST after PCI[10]. Insufficient use or premature discontinuation of antiplatelet drugs and clopidogrel resistance are also major causes of thrombosis after PCI. In recent years, cases of AST secondary to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia have been reported frequently[11,12].

Clinical risk factors for AST include current or past acute coronary syndrome, diabetes, and smoking. Coronary artery disease-related risk factors for AST include restenosis, bridging vessel disease, opening, coronary artery bifurcation, chronic occlusive arterial disease, and small vessel disease. Intraoperative technical risk factors for AST include the use of stents of inappropriate diameters, multiple overlapping stents, or excessively long stents; incomplete coverage of dissection; incomplete stent expansion; poor stent adherence; formation of thrombosis or intramural hematomas, and vascular damage secondary to mechanical manipulation. Drug-related risk factors for AST include poor response to aspirin or clopidogrel and premature discontinuation of antiplatelet drugs.

Coronary artery spasms can lead to acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction[13,14]; however, the occurrence of AST secondary to coronary spasms is rare and often only reported in the context of Kounis syndrome[15,16]. Kounis syndrome refers to the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome secondary to an allergic reaction. Exposure to allergens induces derangements in the neuroendocrine system and mast cell degranulation. This releases abundant inflammatory transmitters, which lead to coronary artery spasms or atherosclerotic plaque rupture. These events ultimately lead to stent thrombosis and AMI. Greif et al[5] reported a case of AST caused by a wasp bite after PCI. Tzanis et al[17] reported a case of early stent thrombosis secondary to an allergic reaction caused by rice intake. In our case, spasms were observed at the distal end of the coronary artery during PCI and resolved with nitroglycerin administration. At first, the spasms were not adequately appreciable and simply thought to be an effect of the surgical procedure, eluding the possibility of myocardial infarction resulting from a coronary artery spasm. During the second operation, the distal end of the stent showed severe stenosis after passing the balloon; however, the stenosis disappeared after intracoronary nitroglycerin administration, and subsequent intravascular ultrasound confirmed coronary artery spasms as the cause. The cold bath before the occurrence of AST was the patient’s first bath after 12 d of bed rest. It acted as an acute stimulus to the body and possibly caused neuroendocrine derangements that ultimately led to coronary artery spasms at the distal end of the stent. After adjusting the patient’s medications, subsequent follow-up consultations documented no cardiac events for 2 mo; this indicated the effectiveness of the medications used after PTCA and a good patient prognosis. However, for our patient, it is still difficult to ascertain the distal coronary spasm as the sole cause of AST.

CONCLUSION

Coronary artery spasms can cause both AMI and AST. For patients who exhibit coronary spasms during PCI, diltiazem administration is advised to reduce these spasms and prevent AST.