Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi1, Muaz A Elsayed2, Rihab M Ibrahim3, Tarig Hassan Elzubair4, Safaa Badi5, Mohamed H Ahmed6, Raed Alkhaddash7, Musaab K Ali8, Yousef S Khader1, Safwan Alomari9. 1. Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan. 2. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman Teaching Hospital / Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan. 3. Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Khartoum, Sudan. 4. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Science and Technology (UST), Khartoum, Sudan. 5. Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan. 6. Department of Medicine and HIV Metabolic Clinic, Milton Keynes University Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Eaglestone, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK. 7. Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA. 8. Department of Emergency Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid, Jordan/Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan. 9. Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Abstract
Background: Although Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is an emergency condition, its epidemiology and prognosis remain poorly understood in Africa. We aim to explore the clinical presentations, outcomes, and potential mortality predictors of primary SAH patients within 3 weeks of hospitalization in a tertiary hospital in Sudan. Methods: We prospectively studied 40 SAH patients over 5 months, with 3 weeks of follow-up for the symptomatology, signs, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), CT scan findings, and outcomes. The fatal outcome group was defined as dying within 3 weeks. Results: The mean age was 53.5 years (SD, 6.9; range, 41-65), and 62.5% were women. One-third (30.0%) were smokers, 37.5% were hypertensive, two-thirds (62.5%) had elevated blood pressure on admission, 37.5% had >24 hours delayed presentation, and 15% had missed SAH diagnosis. The most common presenting symptoms were headache and neck pain/stiffness, while seizures were reported in 12.5%. Approximately one-quarter of patients (22.5%) had large-sized Computed Tomography scan hemorrhage, and 40.0% had moderate size. In-hospital mortality rate was 40.0% (16/40); and 87.5% of them passed away within the first week. Compared to survivors, fatal outcome patients had significantly higher rates of smoking (50.0%), hypertension (68.8%), elevated presenting blood pressure (93.8%), delayed diagnosis (56.2%), large hemorrhage (56.2%), lower GCS scores at presentation, and cerebral rebleeding (P < 0.05 for each). The primary causes of death were the direct effect of the primary hemorrhage (43.8%), rebleeding (31.3%), and delayed cerebral infarction (12.5%). Conclusions: SAH is associated with a high in-hospital mortality rate in this cohort of Sudanese SAH patients due to modifiable factors such as delayed diagnosis, hypertension, and smoking. Strategies toward minimizing these factors are recommended.
Background: Although Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) is an emergency condition, its epidemiology and prognosis remain poorly understood in Africa. We aim to explore the clinical presentations, outcomes, and potential mortality predictors of primary SAH patients within 3 weeks of hospitalization in a tertiary hospital in Sudan. Methods: We prospectively studied 40 SAH patients over 5 months, with 3 weeks of follow-up for the symptomatology, signs, Glasgow coma scale (GCS), CT scan findings, and outcomes. The fatal outcome group was defined as dying within 3 weeks. Results: The mean age was 53.5 years (SD, 6.9; range, 41-65), and 62.5% were women. One-third (30.0%) were smokers, 37.5% were hypertensive, two-thirds (62.5%) had elevated blood pressure on admission, 37.5% had >24 hours delayed presentation, and 15% had missed SAH diagnosis. The most common presenting symptoms were headache and neck pain/stiffness, while seizures were reported in 12.5%. Approximately one-quarter of patients (22.5%) had large-sized Computed Tomography scan hemorrhage, and 40.0% had moderate size. In-hospital mortality rate was 40.0% (16/40); and 87.5% of them passed away within the first week. Compared to survivors, fatal outcome patients had significantly higher rates of smoking (50.0%), hypertension (68.8%), elevated presenting blood pressure (93.8%), delayed diagnosis (56.2%), large hemorrhage (56.2%), lower GCS scores at presentation, and cerebral rebleeding (P < 0.05 for each). The primary causes of death were the direct effect of the primary hemorrhage (43.8%), rebleeding (31.3%), and delayed cerebral infarction (12.5%). Conclusions: SAH is associated with a high in-hospital mortality rate in this cohort of Sudanese SAH patients due to modifiable factors such as delayed diagnosis, hypertension, and smoking. Strategies toward minimizing these factors are recommended.
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