| Literature DB >> 35416843 |
Álvaro Besoain-Saldaña1,2, Gustavo Agurto Flores3,2, Tiare Alarcón Muñoz3, Jame Rebolledo Sanhueza1,2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Identify gender gaps in the employment conditions, work and quality of life of informal sellers in Vega Central of Chile.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35416843 PMCID: PMC8973026 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056003505
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
FigureFlowchart of the study sample.
Sociodemographic characterization of workers in Vega Central, Chile.
| Variables | Gender | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Female (%) n = 30 | Male (%) n = 50 | ||
| Age (years)a | 44 (16) | 50 (26) | |
| Weight (kg)a | 68 (9) | 81 (13) | |
| Height (m)a | 1.59 (0.08) | 1.72 (0.08) | |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 27.0 (2.6) | 27.7 (3.9) | |
| Educational level (attending or completed) Count (%) | Never attended | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) |
| Elementary | 12 (40.0) | 15 (30.0) | |
| High School | 14 (46.7) | 23 (46.0) | |
| Technical/superior | 4 (13.3) | 11 (22.0) | |
| Type of contract Count (%) | Verbal | 5 (16.7) | 12 (24.0) |
| Does not have | 25 (83.3) | 38 (76.0) | |
| Type of work Count (%) | Permanent | 24 (80.0) | 44 (88.0) |
| Temporary | 6 (20.0) | 6 (12.0) | |
| Time on current job Count (%) | Less than 1 year | 6 (20.0) | 8 (16.0) |
| Between 1 year and 10 years | 14 (46.7) | 15 (30.0) | |
| More than 10 years | 10 (33.3) | 27 (54.0) | |
a Variables described with median and interquartile range, 75 percentile (p75) - 25 percentile (p25).
Characterization of the variables of the workers of Vega Central (Chile) by gender.
| Variables | Gender | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Female Count (%) [adjusted residual] | Male Count (%) [adjusted residual] | |||
| Sundays worked | No Sunday/one Sunday per month | 8 (26.6) [-2.5] | 4 (8.0) [2.5] | 0.011 |
| Three Sundays a month/every Sunday | 17 (56.7) [2.5] | 43 (86.0) [-2.5] | ||
| Supplements unforeseen expenses | Never/rarely | 17 (56.7) [2.1] | 17 (34.0) [-2.1] | 0.033 |
| Almost always/always | 12 (40.0) [-2.1] | 33 (66.0) [2.1] | ||
| Fear of claiming better conditions | Never/rarely | 22 (73.4) [3.1] | 48 (96.0) [-3.1] | 0.002 |
| Almost always/always | 7 (23.3) [-3.1] | 1 (2.0) [3.1] | ||
| Helpless in the face of superiors | Never/rarely | 26 (86.7) [1.6] | 47 (94.0) [-1.6] | 0.113 |
| Almost always/always | 3 (10.0) [-1.6] | 1 (2.0) [1.6] | ||
| Fear of dismissal | Never/rarely | 24 (80.0) [1.6] | 46 (92.0) [-1.6] | 0.118 |
| Almost always/always | 5 (16.6) [-1.6] | 3 (6.0) [1.6] | ||
| Unfair treatment | Never/rarely | 27 (90.0) [0.1] | 46 (92.0) [-0.1] | 0.893 |
| Almost always/always | 2 (6.7) [-0.1] | 3 (6.0) [0.1] | ||
| Violent treatment | Never/rarely | 28 (93.3) [1.3] | 49 (98) [-1.3] | 0.191 |
| Almost always/always | 1 (3.3) [1.3] | 0 (0.0) [1.3] | ||
| Use of sick leave | Never/rarely | 22 (73.3) [-0.5] | 34 (68.0) [0.5] | 0.614 |
| Almost always/always | 8 (26.7) [0.5] | 16 (32.0) [-0.5] | ||
| Social security system | Yes | 4 (13.3) [1.2] | 12 (24) [-1.2] | 0.113 |
| No | 20 (66.7) [0.3] | 35 (70) [-0.3] | ||
| Does not know | 6 (20) [-1.9] | 3 (6) [-1.9] | ||
Characterization of working conditions and employment of workers in Vega Central (Chile) by gender.
| Variables | Gender | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Female Count (%) [adjusted residual] | Male Count (%) [adjusted residual] | |||
| Noise | All working day/ half working day | 12 (40.0) [0.0] | 20 (40.0) [0.0] | 1.000 |
| Occasionally/never | 18 (60.0) [0.0] | 30 (60.0) [0.0] | ||
| High temperatures | All working day/ half working day | 10 (33.4) [-0.5] | 14 (28.0) [0.5] | 0.614 |
| Occasionally/never | 20 (66.6) [0.5] | 36 (72.0) [-0.5] | ||
| Low temperatures | All working day/ half working day | 23 (76.7) [-2.5] | 24 (48.0) [2.5] | 0.012 |
| Occasionally/never | 7 (23.3) [2.5] | 26 (52.0) [-2.5] | ||
| Light | All working day/ half working day | 4 (13.3) [1.2] | 12 (24.0) [-1.2] | 0.240 |
| Occasionally/never | 25 (83.4) [-1.2] | 36 (72.0) [1.2] | ||
| Sunlight | All working day/ half working day | 3 (10.0) [0.2] | 6 (12.0) [-0.2] | 0.816 |
| Occasionally/never | 25 (83.4) [-0.2] | 42 (84) [0.2] | ||
| Awkward postures | All working day/ half working day | 16 (53.3) [-0.9] | 21 (42.0) [0.9] | 0.365 |
| Occasionally/never | 14 (46.7) [0.9] | 28 (56.0) [-0.9] | ||
| Carrying heavy objects | All working day/ half working day | 13 (43.3) [1.1] | 28(56.0) [-1.1] | 0.273 |
| Occasionally/never | 17 (56.7) [-1.1] | 22 (44.0) [1.1] | ||
| On straining the voice | All working day/ half working day | 5 (15.7) [0.0] | 9 (18.0) [0.0] | 0.987 |
| Occasionally/never | 22 (73.3) [0.0] | 40 (70.0) [0.0] | ||
| Works sitting | All working day/ half working day | 11 (36.7) [-1.7] | 10 (20.0) [1.7] | 0.092 |
| Occasionally/never | 18 (60.0) [1.7] | 39 (78.0) [-1.7] | ||
| Works standing | All working day/ half working day | 26 (86.7) [1.1] | 47 (94.0) [-1.1] | 0.261 |
| Occasionally/never | 4 (13.3) [-1.1] | 3 (6.0) [1.1] | ||
| Use of gloves | Yes | 12 (40.0) [-0.9] | 15 (30.0) [0.9] | 0.360 |
| No | 18 (60.0) [0.9] | 35 (70.0) [-0.9] | ||
| Use of sunscreen | Yes | 2 (6.7) [-1.1] | 1 (2.0) [1.1] | 0.287 |
| No | 28 (93.3) [1.1] | 49 (98.0) [-1.1] | ||
| Probability of accident | Very likely | 11 (36.7) [-0.4] | 16 (32.0) [0.4] | 0.894 |
| Unlikely | 15 (50.0) [0.2] | 26 (52.0) [-0.2] | ||
| Not likely | 4 (13.3) [0.3] | 8 (16.0) [-0.3] | ||
| The company cares about your health and safety | Always/almost always | 9 (30.0) [1.5] | 23 (46.0) [-1.5] | 0.034 |
| Sometimes | 10 (33.3) [-2.5] | 5 (10.0) [2.5] | ||
| Rarely/never | 11 (36.7) [0.5] | 21 (42.0) [-0.5] | ||
Characterization of health status and quality of life of workers in Vega Central (Chile) by gender.
| Variables | Gender | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Female Count (%) [adjusted residual] | Male Count (%) [adjusted residual] | |||
| Difficulties in performing work/activity | Most of the time/sometimes | 11 (36.7) [-0.2] | 17 (34.0) [0.2] | 0.809 |
| Rarely/never | 19 (63.3) [0.2] | 33 (66.0) [-0.2] | ||
| Doing less than desired due to emotional problems | Most of the time/sometimes | 8 (26.7) [-1.0] | 9 (18.0) [1.0] | 0.318 |
| Rarely/never | 21 (70.0) [1.0] | 41 (82.0) [-1.0] | ||
| Felt discouraged and sad | Almost all the time/sometimes | 16 (53.3) [-2.5] | 13 (26.0) [2.5] | 0.014 |
| Very little time/never | 14 (46.7) [2.5] | 37 (74.0) [-2.5] | ||
| Felt exhausted | Always/almost all the time | 25 (83.3) [-0.9] | 36 (72) [0.9] | 0.386 |
| A little/very little time | 5 (16.7) [-0.9] | 12 (24) [-0.9] | ||
| I feel that I get sick more easily | Definitely true/ almost always true | 5 (16.7) [-1.9] | 2 (4.0) [1.9] | 0.057 |
| Almost always false/definitely false | 24 (80.0) [1.9] | 45 (90.0) [-1.9] | ||
| I feel I am as healthy as anyone else | Definitely true/ almost always true | 22 (73.3) [1.3] | 45 (90.0) [-1.3] | 0.200 |
| Almost always false/definitely false | 4 (13.3) [-1.3] | 3 (6.0) [1.3] | ||
| I feel my health is excellent | Definitely true/ almost always true | 16 (53.3) [1.9] | 37 (74.0) [-1.9] | 0.065 |
| I don’t know | 4 (13.3) [0.1] | 7 (14.0) [-0.1] | ||
| Almost always false/definitely false | 10 (33.3) [-2.3] | 6 (12.0) [2.3] | ||
FiguraDiagrama de flujo de la muestra del estudio.
Caracterización sociodemográfica de los/las trabajadores/as de la Vega Central, Chile.
| Variables | Género | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Femenino (%) n = 30 | Masculino (%) n = 50 | ||
| Edad (años)a | 44 (16) | 50 (26) | |
| Peso (kg)a | 68 (9) | 81 (13) | |
| Talla (m)a | 1,59 (0,08) | 1,72 (0,08) | |
| IMC (kg/m2)a | 27,0 (2,6) | 27,7 (3,9) | |
| Nivel educacional (cursado o completado) Recuento (%) | Nunca asistió | 0 (0,0) | 1 (2,0) |
| Básica | 12 (40,0) | 15 (30,0) | |
| Media | 14 (46,7) | 23 (46,0) | |
| Técnico/superior | 4 (13,3) | 11 (22,0) | |
| Tipo de contrato Recuento (%) | Verbal | 5 (16,7) | 12 (24,0) |
| No tiene | 25 (83,3) | 38 (76,0) | |
| Tipo de trabajo Recuento (%) | Permanente | 24 (80,0) | 44 (88,0) |
| De temporada | 6 (20,0) | 6 (12,0) | |
| Tiempo en trabajo actual Recuento (%) | Menos de 1 año | 6 (20,0) | 8 (16,0) |
| Entre 1 año y 10 años | 14 (46,7) | 15 (30,0) | |
| Más de 10 años | 10 (33,3) | 27 (54,0) | |
a Variables descritas con mediana y rango intercuartílico, percentil 75 (p75) - percentil 25 (p25).
Caracterización de las variables de los/las trabajadores/as de la Vega Central (Chile) por género.
| Variables | Género | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Femenino Recuento (%) [residuos corregidos] | Masculino Recuento (%) [residuos corregidos] | |||
| Domingos trabajados | Ningún domingo/un domingo al mes | 8 (26,6) [-2,5] | 4 (8,0) [2,5] | 0,011 |
| Tres domingos al mes/todos los domingos | 17 (56,7) [2,5] | 43 (86,0) [-2,5] | ||
| Suple gastos imprevistos | Nunca/rara vez | 17 (56,7) [2,1] | 17 (34,0) [-2,1] | 0,033 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 12 (40,0) [-2,1] | 33 (66,0) [2,1] | ||
| Temor a reclamar mejores condiciones | Nunca/rara vez | 22 (73,4) [3,1] | 48 (96,0) [-3,1] | 0,002 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 7 (23,3) [-3,1] | 1 (2,0) [3,1] | ||
| Indefenso ante superiores | Nunca/rara vez | 26 (86,7) [1,6] | 47 (94,0) [-1,6] | 0,113 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 3 (10,0) [-1,6] | 1 (2,0) [1,6] | ||
| Temor a despido | Nunca/rara vez | 24 (80,0) [1,6] | 46 (92,0) [-1,6] | 0,118 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 5 (16,6) [-1,6] | 3 (6,0) [1,6] | ||
| Tratos injustos | Nunca/rara vez | 27 (90,0) [0,1] | 46 (92,0) [-0,1] | 0,893 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 2 (6,7) [-0,1] | 3 (6,0) [0,1] | ||
| Tratos violentos | Nunca/rara vez | 28 (93,3) [1,3] | 49 (98) [-1,3] | 0,191 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 1 (3,3) [1,3] | 0 (0,0) [1,3] | ||
| Uso de licencias médicas | Nunca/rara vez | 22 (73,3) [-0,5] | 34 (68,0) [0,5] | 0,614 |
| Casi siempre/siempre | 8 (26,7) [0,5] | 16 (32,0) [-0,5] | ||
| Sistema previsional | Sí | 4 (13,3) [1,2] | 12 (24) [-1,2] | 0,113 |
| No | 20 (66,7) [0,3] | 35 (70) [-0,3] | ||
| No sabe | 6 (20) [-1,9] | 3 (6) [-1,9] | ||
Caracterización de condiciones de trabajo y empleo de trabajadores de la Vega Central (Chile) por género.
| Variables | Género | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Femenino Recuento (%) [Residuos corregidos] | Masculino Recuento (%) [Residuos corregidos] | |||
| Ruido | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 12 (40,0) [0,0] | 20 (40,0) [0,0] | 1,000 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 18 (60,0) [0,0] | 30 (60,0) [0,0] | ||
| Altas temperaturas | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 10 (33,4) [-0,5] | 14 (28,0) [0,5] | 0,614 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 20 (66,6) [0,5] | 36 (72,0) [-0,5] | ||
| Bajas temperaturas | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 23 (76,7) [-2,5] | 24 (48,0) [2,5] | 0,012 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 7 (23,3) [2,5] | 26 (52,0) [-2,5] | ||
| Luz | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 4 (13,3) [1,2] | 12 (24,0) [-1,2] | 0,240 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 25 (83,4) [-1,2] | 36 (72,0) [1,2] | ||
| Rayos de sol | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 3 (10,0) [0,2] | 6 (12,0) [-0,2] | 0,816 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 25 (83,4) [-0,2] | 42 (84) [0,2] | ||
| Posturas incómodas | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 16 (53,3) [-0,9] | 21 (42,0) [0,9] | 0,365 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 14 (46,7) [0,9] | 28 (56,0) [-0,9] | ||
| Cargar objetos pesados | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 13 (43,3) [1,1] | 28(56,0) [-1,1] | 0,273 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 17 (56,7) [-1,1] | 22 (44,0) [1,1] | ||
| Sobre esforzar la voz | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 5 (15,7) [0,0] | 9 (18,0) [0,0] | 0,987 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 22 (73,3) [0,0] | 40 (70,0) [0,0] | ||
| Trabaja sentado | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 11 (36,7) [-1,7] | 10 (20,0) [1,7] | 0,092 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 18 (60,0) [1,7] | 39 (78,0) [-1,7] | ||
| Trabaja de pie | Toda la jornada/mitad de la jornada | 26 (86,7) [1,1] | 47 (94,0) [-1,1] | 0,261 |
| Ocasionalmente/nunca | 4 (13,3) [-1,1] | 3 (6,0) [1,1] | ||
| Uso de guantes | Sí | 12 (40,0) [-0,9] | 15 (30,0) [0,9] | 0,360 |
| No | 18 (60,0) [0,9] | 35 (70,0) [-0,9] | ||
| Uso de protector solar | Sí | 2 (6,7) [-1,1] | 1 (2,0) [1,1] | 0,287 |
| No | 28 (93,3) [1,1] | 49 (98,0) [-1,1] | ||
| Probabilidad de accidente | Muy probable | 11 (36,7) [-0,4] | 16 (32,0) [0,4] | 0,894 |
| Poco probable | 15 (50,0) [0,2] | 26 (52,0) [-0,2] | ||
| Nada probable | 4 (13,3) [0,3] | 8 (16,0) [-0,3] | ||
| La empresa se preocupa de su salud y seguridad | Siempre/casi siempre | 9 (30,0) [1,5] | 23 (46,0) [-1,5] | 0,034 |
| Algunas veces | 10 (33,3) [-2,5] | 5 (10,0) [2,5] | ||
| Rara vez/nunca | 11 (36,7) [0,5] | 21 (42,0) [-0,5] | ||
Caracterización de estado de salud y calidad de vida de trabajadores de la Vega Central (Chile) por género.
| Variables | Género | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Femenino Recuento (%) [Residuos corregidos] | Masculino Recuento (%) [Residuos corregidos] | |||
| Dificultades para realizar trabajo/actividad | La mayor parte del tiempo/algunas veces | 11 (36,7) [-0,2] | 17 (34,0) [0,2] | 0,809 |
| Pocas veces/nunca | 19 (63,3) [0,2] | 33 (66,0) [-0,2] | ||
| Hacer menos de lo deseado por problemas emocionales | La mayor parte del tiempo/algunas veces | 8 (26,7) [-1,0] | 9 (18,0) [1,0] | 0,318 |
| Pocas veces/nunca | 21 (70,0) [1,0] | 41 (82,0) [-1,0] | ||
| Se sintió desanimado y triste | Casi todo el tiempo/un poco | 16 (53,3) [-2,5] | 13 (26,0) [2,5] | 0,014 |
| Muy poco tiempo/nunca | 14 (46,7) [2,5] | 37 (74,0) [-2,5] | ||
| Se sintió agotado | Siempre/casi todo el tiempo | 25 (83,3) [-0.9] | 36 (72) [0.9] | 0,386 |
| Un poco/muy poco tiempo | 5 (16,7) [-0.9] | 12 (24) [-0.9] | ||
| Siento que me enfermo con mayor facilidad | Definitivamente cierto/ casi siempre cierto | 5 (16,7) [-1,9] | 2 (4,0) [1,9] | 0,057 |
| Casi siempre falso/definitivamente falso | 24 (80,0) [1,9] | 45 (90,0) [-1,9] | ||
| Siento que estoy saludable como cualquiera | Definitivamente cierto/casi siempre cierto | 22 (73,3) [1,3] | 45 (90,0) [-1,3] | 0,200 |
| Casi siempre falso/definitivamente falso | 4 (13,3) [-1,3] | 3 (6,0) [1,3] | ||
| Siento que mi salud es excelente | Definitivamente cierto/casi siempre cierto | 16 (53,3) [1,9] | 37 (74,0) [-1,9] | 0,065 |
| No sé | 4 (13,3) [0,1] | 7 (14,0) [-0,1] | ||
| Casi siempre falso/definitivamente falso | 10 (33,3) [-2,3] | 6 (12,0) [2,3] | ||