Christine Y Bakhoum1, Samantha Madala2, Christopher K Long3, Fatemeh Adabifirouzjaei4, William R Freeman5, Michael H Goldbaum5, Anthony N DeMaria4, Mathieu F Bakhoum6,7,8. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 2. School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 4. Department of Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 5. Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 6. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. mathieu.bakhoum@gmail.com. 7. Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. mathieu.bakhoum@gmail.com. 8. Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. mathieu.bakhoum@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Thus, identifying associated risk factors may lead to earlier interventions aimed at reducing the risk of stroke development. Since cardiovascular disease simultaneously increases the risk of stroke and retinal vein occlusion (RVO), we sought to determine whether RVO is associated with the risk of stroke independent of underlying cardiovascular co-morbidities. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we reviewed the records of 80,754 individuals who were evaluated by an ophthalmologist over a 6-year period. We identified individuals with RVO, stroke and cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, carotid disease, coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze odds ratios for RVO and stroke. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular disease and other risk factors, we found that the presence of RVO was associated with an odds ratio for stroke of 1.73 (CI, 1.40-2.12, p < 0.001). The association between RVO and stroke, after adjusting for sex and cardiovascular co-morbidities, was significantly stronger in individuals younger than 50 years of age, with an odds ratio of having a stroke of 3.06 (1.34-6.25, p < 0.001), while the presence of RVO in individuals older than 85 years was not significantly associated with stroke 1.19 (0.77-1.79, p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that RVO is significantly associated with stroke, even after adjusting for underlying cardiovascular co-morbidities. This association was highly significant in younger subjects, while not significant in older individuals.
BACKGROUND: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Thus, identifying associated risk factors may lead to earlier interventions aimed at reducing the risk of stroke development. Since cardiovascular disease simultaneously increases the risk of stroke and retinal vein occlusion (RVO), we sought to determine whether RVO is associated with the risk of stroke independent of underlying cardiovascular co-morbidities. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we reviewed the records of 80,754 individuals who were evaluated by an ophthalmologist over a 6-year period. We identified individuals with RVO, stroke and cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, carotid disease, coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze odds ratios for RVO and stroke. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular disease and other risk factors, we found that the presence of RVO was associated with an odds ratio for stroke of 1.73 (CI, 1.40-2.12, p < 0.001). The association between RVO and stroke, after adjusting for sex and cardiovascular co-morbidities, was significantly stronger in individuals younger than 50 years of age, with an odds ratio of having a stroke of 3.06 (1.34-6.25, p < 0.001), while the presence of RVO in individuals older than 85 years was not significantly associated with stroke 1.19 (0.77-1.79, p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that RVO is significantly associated with stroke, even after adjusting for underlying cardiovascular co-morbidities. This association was highly significant in younger subjects, while not significant in older individuals.
Authors: Samantha Madala; Fatemeh Adabifirouzjaei; Leonardo Lando; Adeleh Yarmohammadi; Christopher P Long; Christine Y Bakhoum; Michael H Goldbaum; David Sarraf; Anthony N DeMaria; Mathieu F Bakhoum Journal: Ophthalmol Retina Date: 2022-05-16