| Literature DB >> 35392069 |
Caroline M Klasen1, Luise Meyer2, Sven Anders3, Larissa Lohner3, Benjamin Ondruschka3, Hans Pinnschmidt4, Klaus Püschel3, Barbara Schmalfeldt1, Dragana Seifert3, Sandra Wilmes3, Isabell Witzel1.
Abstract
Introduction Up to a third of women worldwide report having experienced an act of sexual violence during their lifetime. The emergency gynecology department is often the first port of call for affected individuals. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the importance of gynecology examinations for women after a sexual offense and to evaluate the pattern of injuries sustained. Methods This study is a retrospective single center analysis of the gynecology and forensic examination reports of all women examined for a suspected sexual offense in the central emergency department of a university hospital between 2013 and 2017 (n = 692). We evaluated genital and extragenital injury patterns, age, offender profile, time of offense, and substance use, as well as the administration of post-coital contraception and post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV. Results The affected individuals had a mean age of 26 (12 - 91 years). Almost 75% of affected individuals presented within 24 hours of the reported sexual offense. Extragenital injuries were detected in 78.6% of patients and genital injuries in 28.5%. Overall, 20.1% of the women reported complete memory loss and 18.7% partial memory loss of the actual event. Risk factors for memory lapse were the consumption of alcohol and/or the (possibly non-consensual) administration of other substances acting on the central nervous system. A history of alcohol consumption by the victim (hazard ratio [HR] 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 - 3.12, p = 0.006) and younger victims aged between 25 - 49 years (HR 1.75; 95% CI 1.07 - 2.85, p = 0.025) were associated with the occurrence of extragenital injuries. However, if the perpetrator was someone who was known to the affected individual, fewer extragenital injuries were sustained (HR 0.60; 95% CI 0.36 - 0.99, p = 0.046). Reports of genital injuries, associated with an older age of affected individuals and indications of anal penetration, resulted in more frequent administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (29.1% vs. 19.5%, p < 0.012) and hepatitis B (active) vaccination (40% vs. 28.5%, p < 0.028). Conclusion Emergency gynecology examinations form a fundamental component of the medical care and the assessment of affected women after a sexual offense, since almost a third of victims sustain injuries to the genital region. In addition to a detailed complete physical examination and expert forensic documentation of physical and genital injuries, victims should also be offered psychological support which is easy for them to access. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: forensic medicine; genital injuries; gynecology examination; injury pattern; sexual offense
Year: 2022 PMID: 35392069 PMCID: PMC8983108 DOI: 10.1055/a-1769-6613
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Characteristics of women who sustained a sexual offense.
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Age in years | ||
> 12 – 24 years | 395 | 57.4% |
25 – 49 | 258 | 37.5% |
50 – 74 | 31 | 4.5% |
≥ 75 | 4 | 0.6% |
| Time of offense | ||
06:00 am–09:59 pm | 220 | 41.7% |
10:00 pm–05:59 am | 308 | 58.3% |
| Perpetrator | ||
not known to the victim | 315 | 46.1% |
known to the victim | 368 | 53.9% |
| Previous assault | ||
first assault | 588 | 89.6% |
repeat assault by the same perpetrator | 39 | 5.9% |
repeat assault by different perpetrators | 29 | 4.4% |
| Time elapsed since the offense | ||
< 12 hrs | 342 | 49.9% |
≥ 12 hrs | 167 | 24.3% |
≥ 24 hrs | 146 | 21.3% |
≥ 72 hrs | 25 | 3.6% |
≥ 120 hrs | 6 | 0.9% |
| Substance use | ||
Alcohol consumption reported | 394 | 59.4% |
Drug use reported | 50 | 7.5% |
Positive toxicology with non-consensual consumption reported | 14 | 2.3% |
| Retrograde amnesia | ||
complete | 136 | 20.1% |
partial | 126 | 18.7% |
complete ability to recall | 413 | 61.2% |
| HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) | ||
initiated | 135 | 21.3% |
| Post-coital contraception | ||
recommended | 352 | 53.4% |
| Hepatitis B vaccination (active) | ||
administered | 20 | 3.9% |
Table 2 List of the types of genital and extragenital injuries and injury patterns (as a percentage of all genital and extragenital injuries, multiple responses possible).
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Type of genital injury | ||
abrasion | 88 | 47.3% |
tear | 75 | 40.3% |
redness | 60 | 32.2% |
ecchymosis | 40 | 21.5% |
| Type of extragenital injury | ||
ecchymosis | 437 | 83.9% |
abrasion | 296 | 56.8% |
redness | 214 | 41.1% |
scratch | 165 | 31.7% |
bite | 32 | 6.1% |
|
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| Location of genital injury | ||
external genitalia | 118 | 63.4% |
internal genitalia | 71 | 38.2% |
anal region | 38 | 20.4% |
| Location of extragenital injury | ||
upper extremities | 374 | 71.8% |
lower extremities | 335 | 64.3% |
trunk | 262 | 50.3% |
head | 140 | 26.9% |
neck | 122 | 23.4% |
Table 3 Risk factors for genital and extragenital injuries. Statistically significant comparisons are shown in bold.
| Genital injury | Extragenital injury | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | HR | 95% CI | p-value | n | HR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age in years | ||||||||
< 25 (reference) | 214 | 266 | ||||||
25 – 49 | 143 | 0.649 | 0.40 – 1.06 | 0.084 |
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| 18 | 2.86 | 0.63 – 13.02 | 0.174 |
≥ 75 | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| History of alcohol consumption | ||||||||
none reported (reference) | 183 | 199 | ||||||
reported | 190 | 1.01 | 0.61 – 1.67 | 0.981 |
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| Time of offense | ||||||||
10:00 pm–05:59 am (reference) | 204 | 258 | ||||||
06:00 am − 09:59 pm | 169 | 0.85 | 0.51 – 1.42 | 0.537 | 198 | 0.71 | 0.44 – 1.16 | 0.173 |
| Perpetrator | ||||||||
perpetrator is a stranger (reference) | 123 | 184 | ||||||
known to the victim | 250 | 0.73 | 0.45 – 1.20 | 0.215 |
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Tab. 1 Charakteristika der Frauen nach Sexualdelikt.
| Anzahl | Prozent | |
|---|---|---|
| Alter in Jahren | ||
12 – 24 Jahre | 395 | 57,4% |
25 – 49 | 258 | 37,5% |
50 – 74 | 31 | 4,5% |
≥ 75 | 4 | 0,6% |
| Tatzeitpunkt | ||
06:00 – 21:59 Uhr | 220 | 41,7% |
22:00 – 05:59 Uhr | 308 | 58,3% |
| Täter | ||
unbekannt | 315 | 46,1% |
bekannt | 368 | 53,9% |
| vorheriger Übergriff | ||
erstmaliger Übergriff | 588 | 89,6% |
wiederholter Übergriff gleicher Täter | 39 | 5,9% |
wiederholter Übergriff anderer Täter | 29 | 4,4% |
| zeitlicher Abstand zum Delikt | ||
< 12 h | 342 | 49,9% |
≥ 12 h | 167 | 24,3% |
≥ 24 h | 146 | 21,3% |
≥ 72 h | 25 | 3,6% |
≥ 120 h | 6 | 0,9% |
| Substanzkonsum | ||
Alkoholkonsum angegeben | 394 | 59,4% |
Drogenkonsum angegeben | 50 | 7,5% |
toxikologisch positiver Nachweis bei angegebenem unfreiwilligem Konsum | 14 | 2,3% |
| retrograde Amnesie | ||
vollständig ausgeprägt | 136 | 20,1% |
teilweise ausgeprägt | 126 | 18,7% |
Erinnerungsvermögen vollständig | 413 | 61,2% |
| HIV-Postexpositionsprophylaxe (PEP) | ||
eingeleitet | 135 | 21,3% |
| postkoitale Kontrazeption | ||
empfohlen | 352 | 53,4% |
| Hepatitis-B-Impfung (aktiv) | ||
durchgeführt | 20 | 3,9% |
Tab. 2 Auflistung der genitalen und extragenitalen Verletzungsformen und -muster (Prozent in Bezug auf alle genitalen bzw. extragenitalen Verletzungen, Mehrfachnennungen möglich).
| Anzahl | Prozent | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| genitale Verletzungsformen | ||
Schürfung | 88 | 47,3% |
Riss | 75 | 40,3% |
Rötung | 60 | 32,2% |
Hautunterblutung | 40 | 21,5% |
| extragenitale Verletzungsformen | ||
Hautunterblutung | 437 | 83,9% |
Schürfung | 296 | 56,8% |
Rötung | 214 | 41,1% |
Kratzer | 165 | 31,7% |
Biss | 32 | 6,1% |
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| genitale Verletzungslokalisationen | ||
äußeres Genitale | 118 | 63,4% |
inneres Genitale | 71 | 38,2% |
Analbereich | 38 | 20,4% |
| extragenitale Verletzungslokalisationen | ||
obere Extremität | 374 | 71,8% |
untere Extremität | 335 | 64,3% |
Rumpf | 262 | 50,3% |
Kopf | 140 | 26,9% |
Hals | 122 | 23,4% |
Tab. 3 Einflussfaktoren auf genitale und extragenitale Verletzungen. Signifikante Vergleiche sind fett markiert dargestellt.
| genitale Verletzung | extragenitale Verletzungen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | HR | 95%-KI | p-Wert | n | HR | 95%-KI | p-Wert | |
| Alter in Jahren | ||||||||
< 25 (Referenz) | 214 | 266 | ||||||
25 – 49 | 143 | 0,649 | 0,40 – 1,06 | 0,084 |
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| 18 | 2,86 | 0,63 – 13,02 | 0,174 |
≥ 75 | 1 | – | – | – | 2 | – | – | – |
| anamnestischer Alkoholkonsum | ||||||||
nicht erfolgt (Referenz) | 183 | 199 | ||||||
erfolgt | 190 | 1,01 | 0,61 – 1,67 | 0,981 |
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| Tatzeit | ||||||||
22:00 – 05:59 (Referenz) | 204 | 258 | ||||||
06:00 – 21:59 | 169 | 0,85 | 0,51 – 1,42 | 0,537 | 198 | 0,71 | 0,44 – 1,16 | 0,173 |
| Täter | ||||||||
Täter unbekannt (Referenz) | 123 | 184 | ||||||
bekannt | 250 | 0,73 | 0,45 – 1,20 | 0,215 |
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